1. Teknologi Dan Rekayasa
Kompetensi Keahlian
Analisis Kimia

2. Physical Parameters Analysis
By : Tedi Hadiana
SMK Negeri 13 Bandung

3. Objectives After this session, the students are expected to be able :
to explain the physical parameters of water quality
to explain the steps of physical parameter determination
To be able in order to analysis physical parameters appropriate of SOP
to arrange the report of the determination
Teknologi dan Rekayasa

4. Water Quality Parameters
Chemical
Physical
Acidity (H+,CO2,HCO3-)
Alkalinity (OH-,HCO3-,CO3-)
Hardness
Metal ion (Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn)
Organic substance
Sulfate (SO42-)
Chloride (Cl-)
NH4+, Nitrate, Nitrite DO
BOD
COD
Color, Odor, Taste*
Turbidity pH
Temperature
Specific conductance
Residue (Solid) TS
TDS
TSS
Microbiology

5. Colour Colour through water consequenced by :
Physical contact water to decayed organic compound
High level concentration of iron and manganese ions
Contamination of compounds such as dyes from textile industry
Colour in Water analysis :
Colour is not visible colour (blue, brown or clear )
Degree of colour determined by colourimetric, with unit of Pt.Co or TCU (True Colour Unit)
Standard unit for drinking water maximum have degree of colour is, 15 TCU
Physically quality of good water must colourless

6. Determination of Color
Preparation of standard stock solution 500 Unit Pt.Co
Mixture of 1,246 gram K2PtCl6 and 1,00 gram CoCl2 dissolved in 100 mL HCl © diluting until 1 L
Preparation of compare standard solutions : 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40 Unit Pt.Co (diluting from stock standard solution)
Process of measurement :
Measurement by colourimetric method with comparison of sample colour intensity to standard
Apparatus : Nessler tube and comparator.

7. Note : * taste = for certain sample of water ex. for drinking water
Odor and taste*
Good quality of water  odorless and tasteless
Determination of odor and taste by using sensory tongue and nose
Presence of odor and taste in water caused by :
Dissolved inorganic compounds in, such as :
Ion/sulfide compound  odor of sulfur
High level of chlorine  odor of caporite
High level of iron and manganese ion  odor of rancid
High level of salt (NaCl)  taste of salty
etc
Contact of water through decayed organic compound or decomposition of organic compound by bacteria in water, generally occur in anaerobic
Note : * taste = for certain sample of water ex. for drinking water

8. Turbidity Factors that influenced to turbidity in water caused by :
 Materials that suspensed in water (colloidal to rough mud)  present in organic or inorganic compounds (ex. : Fe2O3, MnO2)
 Level of height turbidity (exist) influenced by turbulence in water
Determination of turbidity in water :
3 methods of measurement :
Nefelometric (unit of turbidity NTU)
Hellige Turbiditymetric (unit of turbidity SiO2)
Visual (unit of Jackson turbidity)

9. DETERMINATION OF TURBIDITY
Measuring apparatus : turbidimeter,
Principle of occupation :
Interaction of light to particle cause of turbidity
 Measurement of phosphorescent light by suspensed materials
Steps of measurement :
Prepare blank solution (certain unit of turbidity)
After that measure turbidity sample of water

10. Disappearing of turbidity
If turbidity caused by rough mud filtration
If turbidity caused by smooth mud (colloidal particle)  treatment by addition of coagulan chemical or floculan.
For example chemical treatment :
coagulan (Tawas Al/Fe, Al2(SO4)3, PAC)
Floculan (KPE and APE)

11. pH Indicates concentration of H+ion in water
Standard pH for drinking water: 6,5 - 8,5
pH in water influenced by :
 Content of mineral/dissolved compound
 compound CO2
 Activities of bacteria
 Turbulence of water
 Waste of human activities
Side effect of pH
1. Too acid/base  corrosion (dissolve of metal)
2. Many of aquatic biota is die at pH<5 and >9)

12. Determination of pH Method of colorimetric
Comparison of colour intensity
Apparatus:
Litmus paper (red-blue)
Universal indicator
Comparator with indicator solution

13. Potentiometric Method
Apparatus:
pH Meter
Steps of measurement :
1. Calibration of apparatus ,using buffer solution. (usually: pH 4, 7, 8)
2. Dip electrode in to water which will measure  electrode must submerged

14. Temperature
Temperature of water is influential to biologically and chemically process in aquatic system
Appearance of influence :
1. Level of DO
2. Process of photosynthesis
3. Metabolism of aquatic organism
4. Reproduction and movement of several species
Apparatus : Termometer
Good temperature of water = temperature of air

15. Definition : Ability of water to conduct electricity
Conductivity
Definition : Ability of water to conduct electricity
Conductivity influenced by :
Concentration of ionization substances in water
Kinds of ion
Valence of ion
Dissolved CO2
Temperature

16. Determination of Conductivity
Apparatus : conductometer
Unit : mho/cm or S/cm
100 S/m  1 mho/cm
1 mho/m  1 S/m

17. Determination of Conductivity
Push button of power, let it for couple minutes
Clean the electrode and dry it
Measure temperature of solution and setting apparatus appropriate to temperature of solution/water
Calibration by standard solution (KCl 0,01 N  mho/cm)
Clean and dry electrode
Dip in to water which will measure
Read the conductance appear in screen

18. Solid Analysis dissolve  genuine solution < 10-9m Solid
Substances Dispersion of colloid m
Suspension (solid)
>10-7m

19. Solid Analysis Total Solid (TS) Total of solid substances Solid
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Total Suspended Solid (TSS)

20. Total Solid (TS)
Definition Total Solid : All substances that left as residue, if sample of water dried at certain temperature
Principle : Sample of water evaporated upon steam bath in evaporated dish which weight is known. After completed, put it in oven at oC, then weigh until constant
Interruption :
Un homogenous big size particle which appear and sink  must disappear
Oil and fat  must also analysis
Precipitated salts which very hygroscopic process of weighing must immediately

21. Determination of Total Solid
Evaporated dish get constant of weight
Measurement sample of water
(sample is approximated contain solid mg)
This approximation from conductivity
Approximation of TS = 4/3 x conductivity
ex : conductivity = 375 mmho  TS = 4/3 x 375 = 500 mg/L
so sample of water must measure at least :
50/500 x 1000 mL = 100 mL
Put it in to evaporated dish evaporating
Drying ( oC)  Weighing of Residue

22. Calculation (b-a) x 1000 TS (mg/L) = mL of sample Note :
a = weight of evaporated dish
b = weight of evaporated dish + residue, mg

23. Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Definition TDS : all solid substances un dissolved in water perfectly (include colloidal particle)
Principle : Sample of water is filter, filtrate then evaporated upon steam bath in evaporated dish which weight is known. After dry, put it in to oven at oC, then weigh constant
Interruption :
Content of mineral in high level (Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl- and SO42-) cause hygroscopic  it takes a long time of heating, cooling well in dessicator, and fast weighing

24. Determination of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)
Evaporated dish with constant weight
Filtration sample of water, could use :
Gouch crucible
Masir glass with size of porous 0,5 micron (m)
Millipored 0,45 micron
Put filtrate in evaporated dish and evaporating
upon steam bath
Drying at ( oC)  Weighing of Residue

25. Calculation (b-a) x 1000 TDS (mg/L) = mL of sample Note :
a = weight of evaporated dish, mg
b = weight of evaporated dish + residue (sample have filtrated), mg

26. Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
Definition TSS : All solid substances which un dissolved in water (rough particle)
Principle : Filtration sample of water by known weight percolator and filtered solid dried in to oven at oC, then weigh until constant
Interruption :
Stepped up porous of percolator  turning down filtrate become long standing  sample could filtrated using absorb flask and vacuum pump
If there are to much suspended material to percolator  to much water trapped in solid  it take a long time when drying of suspended solid

27. Determination of Total Suspended Solid
Evaporated dish with constant weight
Filtration sample of water, could use :
Gouch crucible
Masir glass with size of porous 0,5 micron (m)
Millipored 0,45 micron
Precipitate and percolator dried at ( oC)
Weighing of dried solid

28. Calculation (b-a) x 1000 TSS (mg/L) = mL of sample Note :
a = weight of empty percolator, mg
b = weight of percolator + precipitate (sample have filtrated ),mg
Determination can be indirect, :
TS = TDS + TSS  TDS = TS - TSS