2. Resonance October 29, 2015

3. Looking Ahead I’m still behind on grading the mid-term and Production Exercise #1… They should be back to you by Monday. Today: we’ll cover something called resonance Next week: understanding vowels I also have another homework exercise for you! It’s due on Monday the 9 th, at the beginning of class. I have posted it to the website, but we can walk through it together…

4. Ghosts of Lectures Past Last time we learned: A complex wave can be built up out of sinewaves. These component sinewaves are called harmonics. The frequencies of these harmonics are always integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of the complex wave. Example: fundamental (F0) = 150 Hz Harmonic 1: 150 Hz Harmonic 2: 300 Hz Harmonic 3: 450 Hz, etc.

5. Some Notes on Music In western music, each note is at a specific frequency Notes have letter names: A, B, C, D, E, F, G Some notes in between are called “flats” and “sharps” 261.6 Hz440 Hz

6. Harmony Notes are said to “harmonize” with each other if the greatest common denominator of their frequencies is relatively high. Example: note A4 = 440 Hz Harmonizes well with (in order): A5 = 880 Hz (GCD = 440) E5 ~ 660 Hz(GCD = 220)(a “fifth”) C#5 ~ 550 Hz(GCD = 110)(a “third”).... A#4 ~ 466 Hz(GCD = 2)(a “minor second”) A major chord: A4 - C#5 - E5

7. Where Things Stand, part 2 Last time, we also learned that: We can represent the components of complex waves with a spectrum Frequency of harmonics on the x-axis Intensity of harmonics on the y-axis

8. Where Things Stand, part 3 We also got the sense that vowels may be distinguished on the basis of their spectral shapes.

9. Where Things Stand, part 4 Last but not least, we found out that we can represent spectral change over time with something called a spectrogram. time on the x-axis frequency on the y-axis intensity on the z-axis (represented by shading) One of the defining characteristics of speech sounds is that they exhibit spectral change over time.

10. Fake Speech Check out the spectrograms of our synthesized vowels:

11. Ch-ch-ch-ch-changes Check out the spectrograms of some sinewaves which change in frequency over time:

12. Funky Stuff Sounds that exhibit spectral change over time sound like speech, even if they’re not speech Example 1: sinewave speech Consists of three sinusoids, varying in frequency over time

13. Reality Check Note that real speech is more fleshed out, spectrally, than sinewave speech.

14. Funky Stuff Sounds that exhibit spectral change over time sound like speech, even if they’re not speech Example 2: wah pedal shapes the spectral output of electrical musical instruments

15. Last but not least The frequencies of harmonics are dependent on the fundamental frequency of a sound  We cannot change the frequencies of harmonics independently of each other To change the spectral shape of a speech sound, we have to change the intensity of different harmonics

16. How is this done? We can selectively amplify or dampen specific harmonics in a speech sound by taking advantage of a phenomenon known as resonance. Resonance: when one physical object is set in motion by the vibrations of another object. Generally: a resonating object reinforces (sound) waves at particular frequencies …by vibrating at those frequencies itself …in response to the pressures exerted on it by the (sound) waves.  Resonance makes sounds at those frequencies louder.

17. Resonance Examples Pretty much everything resonates: tuning forks bodies of musical instruments (violins, guitars, pianos) blowing across the mouth of a bottle pushing someone on a swing bathroom walls In the case of speech: The mouth (and sometimes, the nose) resonates in response to the complex waves created by voicing.

18. More on Resonance Objects resonate at specific frequencies, depending on: What they’re made of Their shape Their size Think: pipe organs Longer, larger tubes resonate at lower frequencies. Shorter, smaller tubes resonate at higher frequencies.

19. Traveling Waves How does resonance occur? Normally, a wave will travel through a medium indefinitely Such waves are known as traveling waves

20. Reflected Waves If a wave encounters resistance, however, it will be reflected. What happens to the wave then depends on what kind of resistance it encounters… If the wave meets a hard surface, it will get a true “bounce”: Compressions (areas of high pressure) come back as compressions Rarefactions (areas of low pressure) come back as rarefactions

21. Sound in a Closed Tube Java applet: http://surendranath.tripod.com/Applets/Waves/Lwave01/Lwave01Applet.html

22. Wave in a closed tube With only one pressure pulse from the loudspeaker, the wave will eventually dampen and die out What happens when: another pressure pulse is sent through the tube right when the initial pressure pulse gets back to the loudspeaker?

23. Resonant Frequencies This is important: a standing wave can only be set up in a tube if pressure pulses are emitted from the loudspeaker at the right frequency. What is the right frequency? That depends on: how fast the sound wave travels through the tube how long the tube is Basically: the longer the tube, the lower the frequency Why?

24. Making the Leap First: let’s check out the pop bottle demo To relate resonance to speech, we need to add two elements to the theory: 1.It is possible for sound waves of more than one frequency to resonate in a tube at the same time. 2.The vocal tract is a tube that is open at one end (the mouth)… so it behaves a little differently from a closed tube.

25. Higher Resonances It is actually possible to set up more than one standing wave in a tube at the same time. First Resonance Second Resonance Q: Will the frequency of the second resonance be higher or lower than the first?

26. Different Patterns This is all fine and dandy, but speech doesn’t really involve closed tubes. Think of the vocal tract as a tube with: one open end a sound pulse source at the closed end (the vibrating glottis) The vocal tract will vibrate in response to the sound pulses… at the particular frequencies that will set up standing waves down its length.

27. Just So You Know A weird fact about nature: When a sound pressure peak hits the open end of a tube, it doesn’t get reflected back. Instead, there is an “anti-reflection”. The pressure disperses into the open air, and... A sound rarefaction gets sucked back into the tube.

28. Open Tubes, part 1

29. Open Tubes, part 2

30. The Upshot Standing waves in an open tube will look like this: 1st Resonance Frequency: F1 tube length 2nd Resonance Frequency: F2 = 3 * F1 3rd Resonance Frequency: F3 = 5 * F1

31. An Evenly Spaced Spectrogram Go to Praat and check out: My neutral vowel

32. The Point of It All A voiced speech sound is a complex periodic wave. It has a fundamental frequency (F0) In speech, a series of harmonics, with frequencies at integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, pour into the vocal tract from the glottis. Resonance: Those harmonics which match the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract will be amplified. Those harmonics which do not will be damped. The resonant frequencies of a particular articulatory configuration are called formants.