1. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor: Internet connection is required to access media assets. No connection? Request a CD/DVD for Wiley owned CyberPsych assets. The following Media-Enriched PowerPoint slides include the core concepts and key terms of Chapter 15 in Visualizing Psychology. Before presenting these slides, delete all instructor information slides by pressing “delete” on your keyboard. These slides also include links to simulations, animations, and resources on the World Wide Web (www). Please return to this Instructor Companion Site for frequent updates and replacements of broken links.

2. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor (Continued): Media-Rich Assets WWW Links are dispersed throughout the PowerPoint slides where appropriate and are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Animations are Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The animations are indicated by this icon: CyberPsych: Psychology in the News Video Clips are also Wiley owned and placed throughout this presentation. The video clips are indicated by this icon:

3. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Note to Instructor (Continued): If you prefer a different background color or design, click on the upper right corner under “design” and select an alternative template. To further personalize and enrich your presentation, check the Visualizing Psychology Instructor Companion Site at www.wiley.com/college/carpenter for supplemental figures, tables, key terms, etc.Visualizing Psychology www.wiley.com/college/c

4. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Each topic on the Lecture Outline slide (#6) has been linked for your convenience. When in “presentation mode,” simply click on the topic and you will link directly to the slide(s) of interest. Enjoy! Finally, the last slide of each topic includes a “home” icon, which will return you to the original Lecture Outline slide. This feature enables you to present chapter topics in any order. Ease of navigation and flexibility in presentation are key elements of an enriched PowerPoint presentation. Enjoy! Note to Instructor (Continued):

5. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 15: Social Psychology Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College

6. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Lecture Overview Our Thoughts About Others Our Feelings About Others Our Actions Toward Others Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems

7. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Introductory Definition Social Psychology: study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions

8. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others Attribution: explanation for the cause of behaviors or events To determine the cause, we first decide whether the behavior comes from an: internal (dispositional) cause, such as personal characteristics, or external (situational) cause, such as situational demands.

9. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Mistaken Attributions 1.Fundamental Attribution Error: misjudging causes of others’ behavior and attributing to internal (dispositional) vs. external (situational) ones Saliency bias may explain this focus on dispositional causes.

10. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Mistaken Attributions 1. Self-Serving Bias: taking credit for our successes, and externalizing our failures

11. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others Attitude: learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object

12. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance Cognitive Dissonance: feeling of discomfort created from a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two competing attitudes

13. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance (Continued)

14. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Thoughts About Others: Cognitive Dissonance (Continued) Festinger and Carlsmith’s Cognitive Dissonance Study. Participants given VERY boring tasks to complete, and then paid either $1 or $20 to tell next participant the task was “very enjoyable” and “fun.” Result? Those paid $1 experienced greater cognitive dissonance, and, therefore changed their attitude more than those paid $20.

15. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.What is the fundamental attribution error? 2.According to the _____ theory, people are motivated to change their attitudes because of tension created by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two or more competing attitudes.

16. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: learned, generally negative, attitude toward members of a group Discrimination: negative behaviors directed at members of a group

17. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

18. Our Feelings About Others: Prejudice and Discrimination (Cont.) Three components of prejudice: 1. Cognitive Stereotype: set of beliefs about the characteristics of people in a group generalized to all group members 2. Affective (feelings associated with objects of prejudice) 3. Behavioral Discrimination: negative behaviors directed at members of a group

19. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination Learned response Mental shortcut Ingroup Favoritism: ingroup viewed more positively than outgroup Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: outgroup judged as less diverse than ingroup

20. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination (Continued) Economic and political competition Displaced aggression

21. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Do you believe you are free of prejudice? Would you date and marry someone of another ethnic group? If you’re heterosexual, would you share a college dorm room with someone who is gay or lesbian? Why or why not?

22. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Interpersonal Attraction Interpersonal Attraction: positive feelings toward another Three Key Factors: Physical Attractiveness Proximity: geographic closeness Similarity: need complementarity vs. need compatibility

23. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Inter- personal Attraction (Liking and Loving) Liking is a favorable evaluation of another. Loving can be defined in terms of caring, attachment, and intimacy.

24. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Inter- personal Attraction (Liking and Loving) Sample items from Rubin’s liking and loving test:

25. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Feelings About Others: Interpersonal Attraction (Continued) Romantic Love: erotic attraction with future expectations Companionate Love: lasting attraction based on trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship

26. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how prejudice differs from discrimination. 2.How does romantic love differ from companionate love?

27. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Social Influence Conformity: changing behavior because of real or imagined group pressure Obedience: following direct commands, usually from an authority figure

28. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Conformity Asch’s Conformity Study Participants were asked to select the line closest in length to X. When confederates gave obviously wrong answers (A or C), more than 1/3 conformed and agreed with the incorrect choices.

29. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Conformity (Continued) Why do we conform? Normative Social Influence: need for approval and acceptance Informational Social Influence: need for information and direction Reference Groups: we conform to people we like and admire because we want to be like them

30. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Milgram’s obedience study. Participants serving as “teachers” are ordered to continue shocking someone with a known heart condition who is begging to be released. Result? 65% of “teachers” delivered highest level of shock (450 volts) to the heart condition “learner.”

31. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Milgram’s “Learner” & Shock Generator

32. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience Four major factors affecting obedience: legitimacy and closeness of the authority figure remoteness of the victim assignment of responsibility modeling/imitation

33. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Obedience

34. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking How would you have behaved if you were a “teacher” in Milgram’s obedience studies? Would you have given the highest level of shocks? What about your best friend or parents? Would their behavior differ from yours? Why and how?

35. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Group Processes Group membership involves:  Roles: set of behavioral patterns connected with particular social positions  Deindividuation: anonymity leads to reduced inhibition, self-consciousness, and personal responsibility

36. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Group Processes: “Power of the Situation” Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Study Students were randomly assigned to play the role of either “prisoner” or “guard.” Original study was scheduled for 2 weeks, but it was stopped after 6 days due to serious psychological changes in both “prisoners” and “guards.”

37. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Group Processes: Problems with Decision Making Group Polarization: group movement toward either a riskier or more conservative decision; result depends on the members’ initial dominant tendency  Groupthink: faulty decision making occurring when a highly cohesive group seeks agreement and avoids inconsistent information

38. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Group Processes (Continued) How Groupthink Occurs:

39. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression Aggression: any behavior intended to harm someone

40. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) Biological Factors in Aggression: instincts, genes, brain and nervous system, hormones and neurotransmitters, substance abuse, and other mental disorders

41. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) Psychosocial Factors in Aggression: – Aversive stimuli – Culture and learning – Violent media/ video games

42. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Aggression (Continued) How can we control or reduce aggression? Introduce incompatible responses Improve social and communication skills

43. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Altruism: actions designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper

44. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Why do we help?  Egoistic Model: helping motivated by anticipated gain  Empathy-Altruism Model: helping motivated by empathy

45. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism

46. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Our Actions Toward Others: Altruism Why Don’t We Help? Diffusion of Responsibility: dilution, or diffusion, of personal responsibility Ambiguity of the Situation: unclear what help is needed

47. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Briefly explain how groupthink differs from group polarization. 2.What are the best ways to reduce aggression?

48. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems Prejudice and Discrimination Destructive Obedience

49. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems How do we reduce prejudice and discrimination? Encourage cooperation and superordinate goals Increased contact Cognitive retraining Employ cognitive dissonance

50. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems: How do we reduce destructive obedience? Adjust socialization toward obedience Recognize power of the situation Protect against groupthink Avoid foot-in-the-door technique: making a small request followed by increasingly larger requests Guard against relaxed moral guard

51. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Why Study Psychology? Psychology provides scientific research and insight into social problems, like prejudice and destructive obedience. Psychologists also produce concrete suggestions for reducing these problems.

52. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Chapter 15 is often the last chapter covered in a general psychology course. If this is true for you, stop and take the time to list the TOP 5 to 10 concepts or terms that you learned in this course and want to remember for the rest of your life.

53. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008 Carpenter/ Huffman: Visualizing Psychology Visualizing Psychology by Siri Carpenter & Karen Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 15: Social Psychology Siri Carpenter, Yale University Karen Huffman, Palomar College