2.  A nation’s type of government refers to how that state’s executive, legislative, and judicial organs are organized.government  All nations need some sort of government to avoid anarchy.  Democratic governments are those that permit the nation’s citizens to manage their government either directly or Democratic through elected representatives. authoritarian  This is opposed to authoritarian governments that limit or prohibit the direct participation of its citizens.  Two of the most popular types of democratic governments are the presidential and parliamentary systems.presidential

3.  a theory advocating elimination of private property.  a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed.  Typically a one party system in which all political power rest with the party (i.e. China).

4. Theocracy A form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler. Often religious institutional representatives (i.e.: a church), replaces or is mixed into the civilian government. Can be an Oligarchy, Representative Democracy, and even a Monarchy.

5.  Unitary government system – the central government holds nearly all of the power.  Local governments such as state or county systems may have some power at certain times, but they are basically under the control of the central government.  Central government has the power to change the way state or county governments operate or abolish them altogether.  Some unitary governments have elected officials who, once elected, may make and enforce laws without taking the opinions of those at lower levels of government into consideration.  In a monarchy (area ruled by a king or emperor), the ruler and his advisors make most of the decisions – this is an example of a unitary government  Most African countries have Unitary governments  Other African countries have kings but most of them are kings of particular tribes or ethnic groups and do not play a major role in the day to day government of the countries Blue Countries are Unitary

6.  Federal government system – a political system in which power is shared among different levels of government.  The states have some powers that the federal government does not have such as the right to collect property taxes and determine sales taxes.  The national government (or central government) also has some powers that the state does not, such as the right to declare war and make treaties with foreign countries  In the Middle East, Israel is an example of a Federal government

7.  A confederation government system is one in which the local governments hold all of the power and the central government depends on the local governments for its existence  The central government has only as much power as the local governments are willing to give  The United Nations is a good example of a confederation  The United Nations can only offer advice and assistance when the member nations agree to cooperate  This organization is a regional group organized to help the member countries cooperate on economic matters, encourage cultural exchanges, and to help keep peace and stability inthe region

8.  An autocratic government is one in which the ruler has absolute power to do whatever he wishes and make and enforce whatever laws he chooses  Individuals who live under autocratic governments do not have any rights to choose leaders or vote on which laws are made and put into practice  Some autocratic governments may allow the people rights in certain areas like managing local affairs, but the central governments keeps control of all the most important aspects of the country’s life  People usually have little or no power to use against the government if they disagree with decisions that government or ruler has made

9.  An oligarchy means “government by the few.”  In this form of government, a political party or other small group takes over a government and makes all of the major decisions.  The people of the country have little choice but to go along with the decisions they make  This sort of government can be very similar to an autocratic government.

10.  In a democratic government system, the people play a much greater role in decided who the rulers are and what decisions are made  Democracy comes from the Greek word “demos,” which means “people.”  In this form of government, a great deal of power is left in the hands of the people  People who live in a democracy generally recognize that there must be some rules to organize society, but the goal is to leave as much individual freedom as possible.  Decisions are often made by a majority of votes, but there are also laws in place to protect individual rights.

11.  In a parliamentary form of democratic government, the people vote for those who represent the political party they feel best represents their views of how the government should operate.  The legislature they elect, parliament, makes and carries out (enforces) the laws for the country.  The leader of a parliamentary form of government is usually chosen by the party that winds the majority of representatives in the legislature.  This leader is often called a prime minister or premier and is recognized as the head of the government.  The prime minister leads the executive branch of the government and must answer directly to the legislature for the actions and policies recommended.  In many parliamentary governments, a head of state (president or king/queen) serves as ceremonial leader

12.  The actual work of the parliament is led by the prime minister, who represents the leading political party in the country.  He or she rules with the help of a cabinet, or group of advisors.  A prime minister may be voted out of office if the party he or she leads lose power

13.  A presidential form of democratic government has a president, or chief executive, that is chosen separately from the legislature  The legislature passes the laws, and it is the duty of the president to see that the laws are enforced  The president holed power separately from the legislature, but he does not have the power to dismiss the legislature or force them to make particular laws  The president is the official head of the government  The legislature does not have the power to dismiss the president, except in extreme cases when the president has broken a law  The president is BOTH the lead of state and the head of the government

14. Direct Democracy Government in which all citizens have equal power in decision making. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. Every citizen has equal power in matters of government. Every citizen is involved in the decision making. 2. Since all citizens are involved in decision making, there is a broad base of support and loyalty. 3. Individual liberties are protected. 1. Only works when a small number of people are involved. Ability to gather all citizens in one place is necessary. 2. Decision making involving all citizens is time-consuming. All citizens give in-put, debate, etc...

15. REPUBLIC/ Representative Democracy Government in which people elect representatives who hold the decision making power. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES 1. Citizens are involved in decision making through their representatives, lobbying, and voting. 2. Representatives are aware their job depends on meeting the needs of their constituents. 3. More likely that all elements of the population are represented. 4. Generally, reps are educated and more- capable citizens who can devote time needed to solve complex problems. 1. Decision making is time consuming. Desire of representatives to please everyone may cripple system. 2. Representatives may not always agree with those they represent. 3. Lack of involved citizenry may allow special interest groups to influence or dominate representatives.

16. CountryKenyaSouth AfricaSudan Type of Government Republic, with one-house legislature called the National Assembly Republic, with a two-house National Assembly A government of national unity was formed with a National Legislature. However, in reality, it is a one party dictatorship Head of State President is elected by the people President is elected by the National Assembly President and Head of State lead the National Congress Party Who Can Vote All citizens 18 years of age or older All citizens 17 years of age or older Freedoms for Citizens Freedoms are written into the constitution but government is dominated by the president. There have been improvements in citizen rights in recent years Personal freedoms are numerous. Apartheid has ended. Literacy rates are high Citizens of Sudan have few real constitutional freedoms unless they are associated with the National Congress Party. Most government positions are appointed Year of IndependenceKenya became independent from Great Britain in 1963 South Africa became independent from Great Britain in 1910. The racially segregated government was ended in 1994, when majority rule was established Sudan became independent from Great Britain in 1956 African Government Chart