1. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCES Timeline The Site The Artifacts The People

2. RADIOACTIVE DATING MethodRange (years) Carbon-1450-70,000 Potassium/Argon100,000-open Uranium-238/Thorium-2305,000-500,000

3. CALIBRATION PLOT

4. RADIATION DAMAGE Thermoluminescence (TL) (recent- 500,000 BP): electrons freed by high energy particles and trapped; requires ancient firing Electron spin resonance (recent- 10,000,000 BP: carbonate matrices Fission track (recent-1,000,000,000 BP): glassy materials with uranium

5. METROPOLITAN MUSEUM’S HORSE

6. SITE PROSPECTION Resistivity Magnetic Electronmagnetic Ground penetrating radar Chemical

7. MAGNETIC SURVEY OF AN ENGLISH CHURCH SITE

8. STOKKERUPP SITE (DENMARK)

9. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS Conservation Provenance of raw materials (trade routes) Technology of manufacture Economics

10. PROVENANCE Inorganic analysis (elemental profiles) Isotopic analysis Carbon functionalities

11. MATERIALS THAT CAN BE PROVENANCED Marble Obsidian Quartzite/sandstone Flint Soapstone Copper Clay/pottery Glass Leaded glass Leaded alloys Amber Jet

12. FLINT MINING SITES IN WESTERN EUROPE

13. GRIMES GRAVES

14. CLASSICAL MARBLE (CRAIG AND CRAIG)

15. PROBLEMS All raw material sources must be sampled. All sources must have different profiles. Technology cannot alter the profile. Alteration cannot occur during burial.

16. ANCIENT TECHNOLOGY Dyes and pigments Pottery Glass Metals

17. EGYPTIAN AND MAYA BLUE

18. THE BLUES OF ANTIQUITY Azurite (2CuCO 3 ·Cu(OH) 2 ) Cobalt blue (CoO·Al 2 O 3 ) Lapis lazuli or ultramarine (FeS silicates) Egyptian blue (2500 BC) CuO·CaO·4SiO 2 (coprorivaite) Sand + CaCO 3 + malachite + flux Maya blue (1000 AD) Indigo vegetable + white clay Resistive to redox agents, acid, base, heat

19. POTTERY TECHNOLOGY Types of clay Structure of slip or glaze Cause of color Firing temperature Firing atmosphere

20. GLASS TECHNOLOY Former (silica) Modifiers (soda-lime, potash, lead) Color and opacity Cameo glass (Portland vase) Dichroic glass (Lycurgus cup)

21. LYCURGUS CUP

22. METAL TECHNOLOGY Alloy (bronze, brass) Fabrication (cast, worked, joining) Decoration Smelting and refining

23. ORGANIC TECHNOLOGY Food and drink Fibers and textiles Asphalt, tar, and pitch Amber, jet, lacquer Rubber Dyes

24. GAS CHROMATOGRAM OF FOOD RESIDUE

25. MESOAMERICAN RUBBER  4000 years old  Latex from the Castilla elastica tree  Juice from the morning glory vine Ipomoea alba  Rubber balls for pelote (artifacts from Manatí (Oaxaca, Mexico) and the cenote of Chichén Itzá (Yucatán, Mexico)  Rubber bands for hafting and decoration  Hosler, Burkett, and Tarkanian, Science, 2000

26. ANALYSIS OF HUMAN REMAINS Soil analysis Bone analysis (isotope, elements) Bodies and coprolites (natural products) Amino acid dating DNA

27. CARBON ISOTOPES IN BONE Ratio of 13 C to 12 C is determined by food source and metabolism. 13 C/ 12 C(ppt)ClassFood -26.5C 3 plantstrees, shrubs, temperate grasses -12.5C 4 plantsmaize, savannah grasses 0.0marinemarine Also 15 N/ 14 N (carnivore/herbivore/legumes)

28. CARBON ISOTOPES OF WOODLAND INDIANS IN ILLINOIS