1. SEXUAL CONTENT IN THE MEDIA SUBMITTED TO: PROF. SHUBHANGI DHARMA

2. INTRODUCTION: SEXUALITY IS PORTRAYED THROUGH MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA COVERAGE SUCH AS: TELEVISION MAGAZINES ADVERTISEMENTS MOVIES

3. TERMS & DEFINITIONS: OBSCENITY EROTIC MEDIA

4. DEFINING PORNOGRAPHY THE MEESE REPORT DEFINED 5 TYPES: NUDITY NONVIOLENT SEXUAL MATERIALS WITHOUT DEGRADING ACTIVITY NONVIOLENT SEXUAL MATERIALS WITH DEGRADING ACTIVITIES SEXUAL VIOLENCE (E.G., RAPE, OTHER SEX CRIMES) CHILD PORNOGRAPHY PORNOGRAPHY VS. OBSCENITY OBSCENITY: (1) THE MATERIAL APPEALS TO PRURIENT (SICK, MORBID, LUSTFUL) INTERESTS, (2) THE MATERIAL IS OFFENSIVE BY COMMUNITY STANDARDS, (3) THE MATERIAL LACKS “SERIOUS LITERARY, ARTISTIC, POLITICAL, OR SCIENTIFIC VALUE”

5. POSTERS OF X RATED FILMS

6. THE FOUR-FACTOR SYNDROME THE FOUR MAJOR EFFECTS OF CONSUMING PORNOGRAPHY ARE: 1. ADDICTION 2. ESCALATION 3. DESENSITIZATION 4. TENDENCY TO IMITATE

7. COMMISSION ON OBSCENITY & PORNOGRAPHY ESTABLISHED IN 1967 ROLE OF PORNOGRAPHY IN CRIME & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PROVIDING RECOMMENDATIONS

8. …FINDINGS OF THE COMMISSION PUBLISHED IN 1970 “THERE IS NO WARRANT FOR CONTINUED GOVERNMENTAL INTERFERENCE WITH THE FULL FREEDOM OF ADULTS TO READ, OBTAIN OR VIEW WHATEVER MATERIAL THEY WISH. EXTENSIVE EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION PROVIDES NO EVIDENCE THAT EXPOSURE TO OR USE OF EXPLICIT SEXUAL MATERIALS PLAY A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN THE CAUSATION OF SOCIAL OR INDIVIDUAL HARMS.”

9. …AFTERMATH OF THE REPORT TRIGGER HYPOTHESIS SAFETY VALVE THEORY BERL KUTCHINSKY – PORNOGRAPHY IS NOT HARMFUL IN RELATION TO SEX CRIME (IN DENMARK) IN SUPPORT OF SAFETY VALVE THEORY. J.H. COURT – ANALYSED SEX CRIMES IN THE WORLD. CONCLUDED THAT THEY WERE INCONSISTENT. A JAPANESE RESEARCH FOUND CO-RELATION BETWEEN PORNOGRAPHY & INCREASE IN RAPE & SEXUAL ASSAULT

10. …DRAWBACKS OF THE COMMISSION DATA COLLECTED OVER A VERY LIMITED PERIOD OF TIME NO GENERALISATION OF FINDINGS COULD NOT STUDY THE IMPACT OF SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIALS ON CHILDREN

11. …CONNECTING TRIGGERED CONTROVERSY AMONG POLITICIANS, PARENTS, RESEARCHERS ALIKE THE FINDING WAS EMBRACED BY MEDIA SOURCES EXAMPLE: PLAYBOY MAGAZINE IN THE EARLY 70S MADE A FREQUENT MENTION OF THE COMMISSION REPORT

12. RESEARCH FOLLOWING THE COMMISSION REPORT IN THE 1980S MANY EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED JAMES WEAVER ANALYSED THE CURRENT CONTENT AVAILABLE & THEIR EFFECT ON THE VIEWER’S PERCEPTION & BEHAVIOUR. 3 CATEGORIES: 1. NON-VIOLENT THEMES, PRE-OCCUPIED WITH SEXUAL ACTIVITY FROM THE MALE PERSPECTIVE 2. COERCIVE AND/OR VIOLENT THEMES 3. EROTIC

13. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF VIEWING DOLF ZILLMANN & JENNINGS BRYANT ED DONNERSTEIN & HIS COLLEAGUES

14. BEHAVIOURAL CONSEQUENCES OF VIEWING ELECTRIC SHOCK PARADIGM BY STANLEY MILGRAM ‘NO CUES’ SCRIPT ‘NON PERMISSIVE CUES’ SCRIPT ‘PERMISSIVE CUES’ SCRIPT RESULT - ? THE FINDINGS WERE CONSISTENT WITH SOME OF THE RESEARCH CONDUCTED BY DONNERSTEIN & ZILLMANN DRAWBACKS: ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY, MUNDANE REALISM & EXPERIMENTAL REALISM

15. THE MEESE COMMISSION IN JULY 1986, RELEASED BY ED MEESE DID NOT CONDUCT NEW-SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH RELIED ON EXISTING STUDIES & ANECDOTAL DATA THE PURPOSE WAS TO PUT SOME TEETH INTO EXISTING OBSCENITY STATUTES

16. …MEESE COMMISSION CONCLUSION IT OFFERED ABOUT THE RELATIVE HARMS OF SEXUALLY VIOLENT MATERIAL IT DREW HEAVY CRITICISM… 1. MORE WEIGHTAGE WAS GIVEN TO THE INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED WITH PEOPLE WHO WERE NOT SELECTED BY SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 2. IT WENT BEYOND THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE IN FORMULATING ITS CONCLUSIONS 3. IT PAVED WAY FOR OTHER RESEARCHERS

17. THE DYNAMICS OF EXCITATION TRANSFER DOLF ZILLMANN, “GENERAL AROUSAL FROM ANY SOURCE CAN INTENSIFY AN EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE AND MAKE IT MUCH MORE PROMINENT THAN IT WOULD BE ORDINARILY WITHOUT THE AROUSAL.” THE THEORY IS FLEXIBLE & CAN INTENSIFY POSITIVE AS WELL AS NEGATIVE EMOTIONS.

18. CONTROL OVER MEDIA CONTENT LEGAL CONTROL SOCIAL CONTROL EDUCATION CONTROL

19. CHANGES IN VALUES AND ATTITUDES REPEATED EXPOSURE RESULTS IN DESENSITIZATION OF A PERSON’S ATTITUDES AND VALUES STUDIES SHOW THAT PEOPLE EXPOSED TO SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIAL EXPERIENCED THE FOLLOWING CHANGES IN VALUES AND ATTITUDES: LESS SATISFACTION WITH REAL-LIFE PARTNERS MORE ACCEPTING OF PREMARITAL SEX AND EXTRAMARITAL SEX LESS DESIRE FOR MARRIAGE, MONOGAMY, AND CHILDREN

20. CHANGES IN BEHAVIOR MAY BE CONSTRUCTIVE OR DESTRUCTIVE DISINHIBITION A PERSON BECOMES LESS INHIBITED ABOUT PERFORMING THE SEXUAL BEHAVIORS WITNESSED. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SEXUALLY EXPLICIT MATERIALS AND THE OCCURRENCE OF RAPE HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO PROVE.

21. EXPOSURE TO SEXUALLY VIOLENT MATERIAL RESEARCHERS FOUND THAT CONVICTED RAPISTS WERE AROUSED BY VIEWING BOTH RAPE AND CONSENSUAL SEX. THE MIXTURE OF SEX AND VIOLENCE HAS POTENTIALLY HARMFUL EFFECTS.

22. THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT A LINK EXISTS BETWEEN THE VIEWING OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AND A PROPENSITY TO INFLICT PAIN UPON FEMALES. DIFFERENCES IN DISPOSITION CAUSE PEOPLE TO REACT DIFFERENTLY WHEN VIEWING SEXUALLY VIOLENT MEDIA FARE.

23. SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN SLASHER FILMS MEN BECOME DESENSITIZED WHEN THEY REPEATEDLY WATCH SLASHER FILMS. OVER TIME, THE MEN FOUND THE SLASHER MOVIES TO BE LESS DEGRADING TO WOMEN, MORE ENJOYABLE, LESS OFFENSIVE, AND LESS VIOLENT. EXAMPLES: SCARY MOVIE, SCREAM, WRONG TURN SERIES, NIGHT ON ELM STREET…

24. YOUTH INFLUENCE THE MEDIA IS A POWERFUL TOOL THAT INFLUENCES YOUNG CHILDREN, TEENAGERS, AND THE YOUTH SEXUALITY AND SEXUAL EXPLOIT ACTIONS ARE EXPRESSED FREELY AND OPENLY IN THE MEDIA

25. SEX / VULGARITY ON PRIME TIME TV PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL SEXUAL AROUSAL EXAMPLES: KASAUTI ZINDAGI KAY, KAHAANI GHAR GHAR KI, JODHA AKBAR, BADE ACCHE LAGTE HAI CONTROVERSY ON ‘THE DIRTY PICTURE’, HIGHLIGHTING ‘OOPS’ MOMENTS AND LEAKED CLIPS AS A SCOOP!

26. SHOWS THAT INFLUENCE AND SHOW SEXUAL CONTENT MTV’S ‘SPLITSVILLA’ GAME OF THRONES SEX & THE CITY KEEPING UP WITH THE KARDASHIANS TWO & A HALF MEN TWO BROKE GIRLS

27. ADS THAT INFLUENCE AND SHOW SEXUAL / VULGAR CONTENT SLICE – AAMSUTRA WILDSTONE / DENVER / AXE / ENGAGE AMOL MACHO KINGFISHER MILANO MANFORCE CONDOM

28. MUSIC VIDEOS / SONGS THAT INFLUENCE AND SHOW SEXUAL / VULGAR CONTENT MUSIC VIDEOS HAVE BEEN SHOWING SEXUAL IMAGES SINCE THE LATER DAYS MOST MUSIC VIDEOS TODAY CONTAIN GIRLS HALF CLOTHED, DIRTY DANCING, AND EXPLICIT LYRICS RELATING TO SEX EXAMPLES: - LYRICS OF YO YO HONEY SINGH & EMINEM’S SONGS - REMIX / MASHUPS OF OLD SONGS: KATA LAGA, PARDESIA, CHADTI JAWANI - ITEM SONGS: BEEDI JALAILE, CHIKNI CHAMELI, PREETAM PYARE

29. MOVIES THAT INFLUENCE AND SHOW SEXUAL / VULGAR CONTENT HOLLYWOODBOLLYWOOD ‘50 SHADES OF GREY’ ‘I SPIT ON YOUR GRAVE’ ‘DIARY OF A SEX ADDICT’ ‘VERONIKA DECIDES TO DIE’ ‘UNFAITHFUL’ ‘AMERICAN PIE’ SERIES ‘CRANK’ ‘DEATH RACE’ ‘300’ SERIES ‘GONE GIRL’ ‘MURDER’ ‘RAAZ’ ‘JISM’ ‘BADLAPUR’ ‘KABHI ALVIDA NA KEHNA’ ‘KYA KOOL HAI HUM’ SERIES ‘Maya Memsaab’ ‘KHILADIYO KA KHILADI’ ‘GUNDA’ ‘MASTI’ SERIES

30. CONCLUSION EXPOSURE TO SEXUALLY EXPLICITE MATERIAL IS ASSOCIATED WITH A HOST OF NEGATIVE PERCEPTUAL & ATTITUDINAL CONSEQUENCES. RESEARCH ON SEXUAL CONTENT IN MEDIA HAS CONCENTRATED MAINLY ON CONTENT ANALYSIS RATHER THAN THE IM[ACT OF IT. THE MAIN CONCERN IS WITH HOW SEX IS DEPICTED RATHER THAN WITH HOW MUCH IS DEPICTED.

31. THANK YOU!