1. The Elizabethan World Picture

2. Many have written about a shared cultural and cosmological view of order during the Elizabethan period: Tillyard’s Elizabethan World Picture and Shakespeare's History Plays, C. S. Lewis’s The Discarded Image, Theodore Spencer’s Shakespeare and the Nature of Man, Lily B. Campbell’s Shakespeare's Histories

3. Tillyard claims that “The Elizabethans pictured the universal order under three main forms: a chain, a series of corresponding planes, and a dance.” Let us look at some of these concepts so that we can recognize them when we come across them in Shakespeare’s works. Troilus and Cressida 1.3.85 ‑ 124 Ulysses’s Speech on Order

9. SeasonElementHumour Body Fluid LocationSpringAirSanguineBloodHeart SummerFireCholeric “Yellow Bile” Liver AutumnWaterMelancholicPhlegm(Various) WinterEarthPhlegmatic “Black Bile” Spleen

10. HumourQualitiesElementPersonalitySanguine Hot, Moist Air Optimistic, red-checked, corpulent, irresponsible, (Falstaff) Choleric Hot, Dry Fire Short-tempered, red-haired, thin, ambitious (Hotspur) Phlegmatic Cold, Moist Water Sluggish, pallid, corpulent, lazy Melancholic Cold, Dry Earth Introspective, sallow, thin (Richard II, Hamlet).

13. If the entire universe was an expression of God’s plan, then it followed that all things in the universe were related to each other in some way or another. This was expressed through the concept of corresponding planes, which can be grouped into the following:

15. God, among angels The Sun, among the planets and the stars The King, among men Husband, among the family The Lion, among animals The Eagle, among birds The Oak, among trees The Rose, among flowers Fire, among the elements Gold, among the minerals

17. And new philosophy calls all in doubt, The element of fire is quite put out; The sun is lost, and the earth, and no man’s wit Can well direct him where to look for it... ‘Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone, All just supply, and all relation... (“An Anatomy of the World” [c. 1612] )