1. Bottled Gases Sun Ladder [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC BY-SA 2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

2. Quiz Clinical Use History Specifications Principles of Operation Block Diagram Commercial Examples Preventive Maintenance Common Problems Test Procedures Summary

3. 1942 - Jacques Cousteau - autonomous diving suit History No date, no author., Diving Suit [photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Scuba_diver1.jpg

4. Ventilators Anesthesia machines Spectroscopy Clinical Use

5. Components: (1) Cylinder valve (2) Pressure gauge (3) Pressure regulator and valve (4) The gas outlet pressure gauge (5) Gas outlet flow control valve Principles of Operation Malkin (2006), Medical Instrumentation in the Developing World (pg 68). Retrieved from library.ewh.org

6. Electrical Hydraulic Analogy: Principles of Operation Wikipedia, Hydrualic analogy [text]. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_analogy

7. Electrical Hydraulic Analogy: Hydraulic circuit (left), electric circuit (right) Principles of Operation Aushuluz (2012), electric hydraulic analogy [image]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electronic-hydraulic_analogy.svg

8. Cylinders colors (US): Principles of Operation Purple body Black and white shoulder Medical Air, USP Grade CGA 346 and CGA 950 (E and D sizes only) Green body White shoulder Oxygen (O 2 ), USP Grade CGA 540 and CGA 870 (E and D sizes only)

9. Cylinders colors (US): Principles of Operation Blue Body Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O), USP Grade CGA 326 and CGA 910 (E and D sizes only) Gray Body Grey Shoulder Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ), USP Grade CGA 320 CGA 940 (E and D sizes only)

10. Cylinders colors (UK): Principles of Operation Oxygen (O 2 )- White shoulder Nitrous Oxide (N 2 O)- Dark Blue Shoulder, White Body Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )- Grey Shoulder, White Body Nitrogen (N 2 )- Black Shoulder, White Body Medical Air- White/Black Shoulder, White Body

11. Cylinders are very heavy –F size and larger full cylinders are segregated and stored securely within the cylinder store –Empty cylinders should be stored separately for collection Safety

12. Cylinders cap Safety Ildar Sagdejev (Specious) (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC BY-SA 4.0-3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0- 3.0-2.5-2.0-1.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

13. Moving cylinders: –Place the cap –Have a friend stabilize the cylinder while you tilt it –Roll it on its bottom, with the cylinder tilted a few degrees Safety Moving cylinders –Use a trolley for longer distances

14. Blood CO 2 concentration as 10% can cause unconsciousness Safety

15. Nitrous oxide can be explosive Butane, Propane (cooking and clinical laboratory heating) and Acetylene (torch cutting metal and atomic absorption spectroscopy) are highly flammable Safety

16. Non standard gases Safety Toxic/Corrosive: Yellow Shoulder, RAL 1018 Flammable: Red Shoulder, RAL 3000 Oxidizing: Light Blue Shoulder, RAL 5012 Inert: Bright Green Shoulder, RAL 6018

17. Missing/broken regulator (impossible to repair) Mismatched hosing sets Leaks Common Problems

18. No calibration required Gauge calibration with another standard gauge Gauge calibration with mercury manometer (0 – 300 mmHg/40 kPa) Preventive Maintenance

19. Do not empty it entirely (by leaving the cylinder valve open) Do not simply connect the regulator and open the cylinder valve Preventive Maintenance

20. Reconnection sequence: crack” the main cylinder valve Connect the regulator crack the main cylinder valve again Open the cylinder valve again to begin using the system Preventive Maintenance

21. Questions ?

22. 1.Draw a cylinder pressure regulator 2.How should one move a big cylinder? 3.What are the most common cylinder problems in developing world Quiz