1. Chapter 4 Organ Systems of the Body

2. DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS
Organ—a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any tissue alone
Organ system—a group of organs arranged in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function than can any organ alone
Knowledge of individual organs and how they are organized into groups makes the understanding of how a particular organ system functions as a whole more meaningful

3. ORGAN SYSTEMS Integumentary system (Figure 4-2) Structure—organs
Skin
Hair
Nails
Sense receptors
Sweat glands
Oil glands
Functions
Protection
Regulation of body temperature
Synthesis of chemicals
Sense organ

8. ORGAN SYSTEMS Skeletal system (Figure 4-3) Structure Functions Bones
Joints
Functions
Support
Movement (with joints and muscles)
Storage of minerals
Blood cell formation

10. ORGAN SYSTEMS Muscular system (Figure 4-4) Structure Functions Muscles
Voluntary, or striated
Involuntary, or smooth
Cardiac
Functions
Movement
Maintenance of body posture
Production of heat

12. ORGAN SYSTEMS Nervous system (Figure 4-5) Structure Functions
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Sense organs
Functions
Communication
Integration
Control
Recognition of sensory stimuli
System functions by production of nerve impulses caused by stimuli of various types
Control is fast-acting and of short duration

14. ORGAN SYSTEMS Endocrine system (Figure 4-6) Structure Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries (female)
Testes (male)

16. ORGAN SYSTEMS Endocrine system (cont.) Functions
Secretion of special substances called hormones directly into the blood
Same as nervous system—communication, integration, control
Control is slow and of long duration
Examples of hormone regulation:
Growth
Metabolism
Reproduction
Fluid and electrolyte balance

17. ORGAN SYSTEMS Cardiovascular (circulatory) system (Figure 4-7)
Structure
Heart
Blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
Functions
Transportation
Regulation of body temperature
Immunity (body defense)

19. ORGAN SYSTEMS Lymphatic system (Figure 4-8) Structure Functions
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Tonsils
Thymus
Spleen
Functions
Transportation
Immunity (body defense)

21. ORGAN SYSTEMS Respiratory system (Figure 4-9) Structure Functions Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Functions
Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen occurs in the alveoli of the lungs
Warm and humidify incoming air
Filtration of irritants from inspired air
Regulation of acid-base balance

23. ORGAN SYSTEMS Digestive system (Figure 4-10) Structure Primary organs
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Rectum
Anal canal
Accessory organs
Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Appendix

25. ORGAN SYSTEMS Digestive system (cont.) Functions Appendix
Mechanical and chemical breakdown (digestion) of food
Absorption of nutrients
Undigested waste product that is eliminated is called feces
Appendix
Structural but not a functional part of digestive system
Inflammation of appendix is called appendicitis

26. ORGAN SYSTEMS Urinary system (Figure 4-11) Structure Functions Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Functions
“Clearing” or cleaning blood of waste products; waste product excreted from body is called urine
Electrolyte balance
Water balance
Acid-base balance
In males, urethra has urinary and reproductive functions

28. ORGAN SYSTEMS Reproductive system (Figures 4-12 and 4-13) Structure
Male
Gonads—testes
Genital ducts—vas deferens, urethra
Accessory gland—prostate
Supporting structures—genitalia (penis and scrotum)
Female
Gonads—ovaries
Accessory organs—uterus, uterine (fallopian) tubes, vagina
Supporting structures—genitalia (vulva), mammary glands (breasts)

31. ORGAN SYSTEMS Reproductive system (cont.) Functions Survival of genes
Production of sex cells (male: sperm; female: ova)
Transfer and fertilization of sex cells
Development and birth of offspring
Nourishment of offspring
Production of sex hormones