1. 2010 TESTING PROGRAM AND RESULTS FOR THE CLIC PETS X-BAND WORKSHOP ON RF STRUCTURES, BEAM DYNAMICS AND SOURCES 2 nd December 2010 Alessandro Cappelletti for the CLIC team with great support from the SLAC team: V. Dolgashev, J. Lewandowski, S. Tantawi, S. Weatherly, J. Zelinski

2. Main beam Drive beam Accelerating structures PETS RF power A fundamental element of the CLIC concept is two-beam acceleration, where RF power is extracted from a high-current and low-energy beam in order to accelerate the low-current main beam to high energy. PETS

3. Electric field RF power density PETS specific features: 1.Big aperture, high V g, low surface E-field 2.High peak RF power (135 MW) 3.High current (100 A) 4.HOM damping through 8 slots 5.Special coupler with choke 6.Milling technology for fabrication 7.Body assembly with clamping  Frequency = 11.9942 GHz  Aperture = 23 mm  Active length = 0.213 (34 cells)  Period = 6.253 mm (90 0 /cell)  Iris thickness = 2 mm  Slot width = 2.2 mm  R/Q = 2222 Ω/m  V group= 0.459C  Q = 7200  E surf. (135 MW)= 56 MV/m  H surf. (135 MW) = 0.08 MA/m (ΔT max (240 ns, Cu) = 1.8 C 0 ) PETS parameters Surface electric field Surface magnetic field

4. PETS testing program External RF power source Drive beam RF power sources RF high power source RF power out RF power in Drive beam RF power out ASTA (SLAC) CTF3 (CERN + Collaborations) Two beam test stand (CERN + Collaborations) Objective: to understand the limiting factors for the PETS ultimate performance and breakdown trip rate. Access to the very high power levels (300 MW) and nominal CLIC pulse length. High repetition rate – 60 Hz. Objective: to demonstrate the reliable production of the nominal CLIC RF power level through the deceleration of the drive beam. Test beam line (CERN + Collaborations) Objective: to demonstrate the stable, without losses, beam transportation in a presence of strong (50%) deceleration.

5. load ReflectionTransmission The first scaled (11.424 GHz) full CLIC PETS version with damping slots and damping material. Low RF power measurements June 2010

6. ASTA is a new generation general purpose test stand, which will allow processing the various types of the high power RF equipment at X-band. The facility can provide a very versatile pulse length and power level. The ASTA pulse compressor with variable delay lines The ASTA pulse compressor with variable iris Two klystrons 50 MW@1.5us SLED II with variable length and iris reflection Experimental area Uncompressed arm Gate valve Rf Phase shifter ASTA layout CLIC PETS RF pulse @ power in the ASTA compressed arm 3dB hybrid PETS testing @ ASTA, SLAC PETS installed into the ASTA bunker at SLAC PETS ready for shipping to SLAC July 2010

7. General remarks  275 hours of PETS high power testing were overall accumulated.  In order to obtain breakdown statistics, the PETS was running at a fixed power level of 142 MW and pulse length 266 ns (18% higher pulse energy than in CLIC) for 125 hours.  The whole RF network system in ASTA was also being conditioned at the same time, which somewhat limited the power production stability at high power levels due to the vacuum interlocks trips in the waveguide circuit.

8. Average and peak power distributions 133 ns266 ns PETS/ASTA processing period BD statistics accumulation period (fixed power level) CLIC target Peak power Avg power Energy BD CLIC target pulse PETS processing history Typical RF pulse shape in ASTA during the last 125 hours of operation In total: 5.9x10 7 pulses 90 breakdowns CLIC target

9. RF in RF out Directional coupler Faraday cup Vacuum gauge PETS The breakdown acquisition signals: - Reflected and transmitted power - Vacuum controllers - Faraday cups mounted at both PETS extremities. Processing strategy: In case of breakdown, the RF power is shut down on the next pulse and restarted/ramped up after a few seconds, vacuum interlocks permitting. Two typical breakdown events in the PETS (raw data) F1F2 F1F2 ‘hard’‘soft’ 1.‘Hard’ event. The variation in reflection is measurable. 2.‘Soft’ event. The variation in reflection is negligible. Pre-breakdown pulse Breakdown pulse Reflected Transmitted 27 dB Breakdowns in the PETS

10. F2F1 1.In general, the breakdowns were grouped into two types of events with respect to the Faraday cups signals. 2.We suggested that this can help to identify the breakdown location by correlating the arrival times and amplitudes of the two. Following, “type-1” events are located close to the output coupler and “type-2” are closer to the input coupler. 3.We also observed that “hard” events are mostly associated with “type-1” events. Type-1 (output) Type-2 (input) Total breakdowns 53 Type-1 23 Type-2 30 266 ns Type-2 (input) Type-1 (output) All breakdowns Breakdown locations

11. ‘hard’ events examples ‘soft’ events examples None of the registered breakdowns showed traces of pulse shortening (missing energy). Any of these events will be practically undetectable in the CLIC environment. Missing Energy

12. BDR statistics accumulation testing period (142 MW x 266 ns). Peak power Avg power Energy BD All registered events All breakdowns During ~125 hours of testing, 15 events were logged into breakdown counter following Faraday cups signals. Six of them were discarded from breakdown statistic due to the late (in time) appearance of the dark current and thus irrelevant for CLIC. Examples of discarded events CLIC target PETS breakdown trip rate

13. CLIC target Portion of the statistical distribution contributing to the BDR calculation 1. 1.55x10 7 pulses were accumulated in a 125 hours run with fixed peak power and pulse length. 2. 8 PETS breakdowns were identified giving a breakdown rate of 5.3x10 -7 /pulse/PETS. 3. Most of the breakdowns were located in the upper tail of the distribution and happened at earlier stage of the run, which makes the integrated BDR estimate rather conservative. 4. During the last 80 hours no breakdowns were registered giving a BDR <1.2x10 -7 /pulse/PETS counting only the pulses with average power higher than the CLIC nominal. 1.55x10 7 pulses PETS breakdown trip rate

14. 1.The complete feasibility demonstration of the power production in CLIC will require PETS operation with 100 A drive beam (partially covered in CTF3 – 30 A). However these experiments will be more focused on the beam dynamics and machine protection issues (partially covered in TBL). 2.The feasibility of the PETS operation at a peak RF power level ~7% higher and with RF pulses ~10% longer compared to the CLIC requirement was successfully demonstrated in klystron driven experiments at SLAC. 3.The tests at a fixed power level were stopped, when the measured breakdown trip rate went close enough to CLIC specification: 1x10 -7 /pulse/PETS. In our case it was after 80 hours of operation without any breakdown (BDR <1.2x10 -7 /pulse/PETS ). 4.The demonstration has been done in more demanding environment then needed for CLIC - with extra input coupler and uniform RF power distribution along the structure (>50% of breakdowns happened closer to the input coupler). Summary

15. 1.Further testing of the PETS at a CLIC RF power level and measured breakdown trip rate would require enormous operational time (hundreds of hours) to provide reasonable statistic in order to improve the BDR measurement accuracy. Together with tight ASTA experimental schedule this approach looks rather inefficient. 2.A more reasonable approach is moving towards even higher power levels: 180-200 MW. It will potentially allow for a shorter testing time and could result in more understanding about PETS ultimate performance. To perform these tests, ASTA itself should be processed accordingly, to able to operate stable at such high power levels. Future plans

16. Unique and versatile facility for demonstrating the CLIC two beam accelerating technology –two-beam operation high power drive-beam [~110 MeV, ~30A] high quality probe-beam [~140 MeV, ~0.5A] –excellent beam diagnostics –easy access & flexibility for future upgrades Excellent test possibilities –power production & accelerating structures beam kick beam dynamics effects –full CLIC module beam-based alignment Two-beam Test Stand Prospects

17. TBTS is the test area in CLEX, where feasibility of the CLIC two beam acceleration scheme is…already demonstrated (not yet at a nominal 100 MV/m accelerating gradient).

18. Operation mode#1#2#3CLIC Current, A<30144101 Pulse length, ns140<240<1200240 Bunch Frequency, GHz12 3 PETS power (12 GHz), MW<280615135 DBA CRDL TBTS CLEX CTF3 CTF2 #1 #2 #3 Different scenarios of the drive beam generation in the CTF3 To compensate for the lack of current, the active TBTS PETS length was significantly increased: from the original 0.215 m to 1 m. In order to demonstrate the nominal CLIC power level and pulse length and yet low current, it was decided to implement a different PETS configuration – PETS with external re-circulation. Variable Splitter (coupling: 0  1) Variable phase shifter To the Load PETS output Drive beam PETS input Round trip efficiency: 80% Round trip delay: 26 ns <30A 14 A 4 A Variable RF phase shifter and splitter Fully equipped 1 m long TBTS PETS RF power production with re-circulation

19. Model with constant coupling and phase (E. Adli) Event with breakdown Model with time variable coupling and phase (V. Ziemann) coupling phase Event with breakdown  In itself, re-circulation provides additional opportunity for the complimentary beam diagnostic and potentially for the RF breakdown characterization.  Normally, the breakdown event de-synchronize the re-circulation conditions and thus quench the power production protecting the structure.

20. PETS tank with re-circulation RF circuit installed in TBTS test area (October 2008) Two Beam Test Stand (TBTS) Drive beam TBTS tests in 2009 beginning 3 weeks later predicted measured At the end of 2009, the PETS was reliably producing ~60/70 MW PETS processing history example beginning 3 weeks later Power, MW Current, Ax10

21. TBTS in 2009 The RF signal analysis indicated that in most of the cases breakdown activity was associated with feedback loop and not the PETS itself. Visual inspection of the attenuator’s and phase shifter’s hybrid bodies showed serious breakdown damages and confirmed that these devices were limiting the power production performance. ~λ/2 Phase shifter’s 3 dB hybrid Attenuator’s 3 dB hybrid

22. Two beam module in CLIC TBTS hardware upgrade earlier in 2010 1. The brand new waveguide components made by GYCOM (Russia) went through the complete cleaning procedure: - Chemical - Hydrogen firing - Vacuum firing and were installed into the PETS re-circulation loop. 2. The TD24 accelerating structure tank was installed into TBTS area. Ready for the 2-beam operation. Accelerating structure tank PETS tank The brand new components If any problem with attenuator and phase shifter in a future, we have prepared back-up solution with a fixed 3dB splitter. fixed 3dB splitter

23. TD24_vg1.8_disk accelerating structure in TBTS Average unloaded gradient of 100 MV/m Alexey Grudiev  24 regular + 2 coupler cells with damping features  L acc = 200.0 mm (regular cells)  filling time = 65 ns  42 MW input power for 100 MV/m (unloaded) (57 MW loaded)

24. Beam into the PETS 2010 CTF3 schedule The fire accident with klystron modulator#13 caused a 3-month delay into CTF3 operational schedule. Pulse Forming Network after fire The first drive beam arrived to TBTS in early August 2010.

25. PETS rapidly (~ few x10 5 pulses) reached record peak RF power levels above 300 MW. It reliably produces RF power which is sufficient for demonstration of the >100 MV/m acceleration in a two beam experiment with TD24_vg1.8_disk structure. 18.10.2010 Example of the 3 consecutive pulses in the TBTS (power coupled back is 65%) PETS outputStructure input Drive beam current Measured Predicted Power, MW I, A Breakdown in 2 nd attenuator reflection CLIC target pulse

26. Power production history in TBTS Latest results (18.10.2010): 20.02MeV gain/structure Demonstrated accelerating gradient: 100*20.02/21.7 = 92.3 MV/m Two-beam acceleration in TBTS/CTF3