1. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping TDDD07 – Real-time Systems Lecture 1: Introduction & Scheduling I Simin Nadjm-Tehrani Real-time Systems Laboratory Department of Computer and Information Science Linköping university 47 pages Autumn 2009

2. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 2 of 50 Autumn 2009 This lecture Course overview Introduction to Real-time systems CPU as a resource: Scheduling –Cyclic scheduling –Rate monotonic scheduling

3. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 3 of 50 Autumn 2009 TDDD07: Course contents Resource allocation for real-time processes –CPU scheduling –Multiple resources and deadlock prevention Distributed systems –Scheduling as load distribution –Clocks, synchronisation, timing and its impact on agreement problem

4. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 4 of 50 Autumn 2009 TDDD07: Course contents Real-time communication –Bus protocols: CAN and TTP –QoS for multimedia Dependability and fault tolerance –Availability and overload management Design of real-time systems Real-time operating systems Industrial lecture

5. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 5 of 50 Autumn 2009 Evaluation actions TDDD07: –After last year’s evaluation –Added concrete exercises to work with Will appear in week 47 –Added one lesson/resource session

6. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 6 of 50 Autumn 2009 This lecture Course overview Introduction to Real-time systems CPU as a resource: Scheduling –Cyclic scheduling –Rate monotonic scheduling

7. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 7 of 50 Autumn 2009 Real-time processes From your operating systems course: scheduler’s role is to ensure that each process gets a share of the CPU With real-time systems it is not enough that processes get a share some time The time that the result of the computation is delivered is as important as the result itself Predictability!

8. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 8 of 50 Autumn 2009 Predictable is not “fast”! The film...

9. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 9 of 50 Autumn 2009 Release time External event Computation time Reaction time Deadline What is meant by predictable? Real-time systems: Can all processes meet their deadlines?

10. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 10 of 50 Autumn 2009 Consider following processes: Computation time (C i )5 ms10 ms Deadline (D i )20 ms12 ms p 1 p 2 p2p2 time p1p1 t0t0 p1p1 p2p2 t0t0 Order matters!

11. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 11 of 50 Autumn 2009 Deadlines Hard: Not meeting any deadline is a failure of the system Soft: It is desirable that deadlines are met, but OK if they are missed every now and then Firm: It is OK that they are missed now and again, but after the deadline the result is of no use How often?

12. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 12 of 50 Autumn 2009 Typical application area Vehicle electronics –Power train and chassis –Infotainment/telematics –Body electronics A modern car configuration has over 40 ECUs, distributed over several buses Several applications share each ECU that shares the bus

13. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 13 of 50 Autumn 2009 Labs in TDDD07 Football playing robots, sharing the brain... Computational processes given, parameters given, how to allocate CPU so that a team plays better football? You will implement three schedulers and compare them in a simulation environment

14. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 14 of 50 Autumn 2009 Week 50 We will have a demo in the physical Robolab environment! Date: Thursday 10/12, 13-15

15. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 15 of 50 Autumn 2009 This lecture Course overview Introduction to Real-time systems CPU as a resource: Scheduling –Cyclic scheduling –Rate monotonic scheduling

16. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 16 of 50 Autumn 2009 Scheduling... is about allocating resources, specially the CPU time, among all computational processes such that the timeliness requirements are met. The scheduler decides which process is to be executed next.

17. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 17 of 50 Autumn 2009 Scheduling Performed off-line or on-line With information available statically or dynamically Preemptive or non-preemptive

18. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 18 of 50 Autumn 2009 Schedulability Test Sufficient –if test is passed, then tasks are definitely schedulable –if test is not passed, we don’t know Necessary – if test is passed, we don’t know – if test is not passed, tasks are definitely not schedulable Exact test: –sufficient & necessary at the same time

19. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 19 of 50 Autumn 2009 Which parameters? Scheduling policy induces an order on executions using an algorithm and a set of parameters for the task set: Worst case execution time (WCET) Deadline Release time...

20. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 20 of 50 Autumn 2009 Process parameters How to find the maximum computation time for each process? How to determine deadlines? When (how often) is a process released?

21. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 21 of 50 Autumn 2009 Release times Reading and reacting to continuous signals – Periodicity Recognising/reacting to some aperiodic events – Minimum inter-arrival time  Sporadic processes

22. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 22 of 50 Autumn 2009 Cyclic scheduling An off-line schedule is created based on statically known and fixed parameters Off-line decision –When executing: Run the processes in pre-determined order using a table look-up To run processes in the “right” frequency find –Minor cycle –Major cycle

23. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 23 of 50 Autumn 2009 Consider following processes:P 1 P 2 Period(Ti)/Deadline50100 Worst case execution time (Ci)10 30 050100150200250 Note: repetition!... time Example (1)

24. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 24 of 50 Autumn 2009 A cyclic executive every_major_cycle do{ read all in_signals; run_minor_cycle_1_processes; wait_for_interrupt; write all out_signals;... read all in_signals; run_minor_cycle_n_processes; wait_for_interrupt; write all out_signals; } End of minor cycle

25. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 25 of 50 Autumn 2009 No preemption! What happens if the periods are not harmonic?

26. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 26 of 50 Autumn 2009 Minor cycle: greatest common devisor (sv. sgd) Major cycle: least common multiplier (sv. mgn) Example (2): processABC period204060... 0120 20 Finding Minor/Major Cycle

27. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 27 of 50 Autumn 2009 Iterative construction Off-line analysis in order to fix the schedule might be iterative –Each process P i is assumed to be strictly periodic (i.e. should be completed once every T i ) –Check: Will the schedule work with the natural periods and computation times? –Otherwise, change the parameters! Which parameters can we change?

28. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 28 of 50 Autumn 2009 Recall example 2: processABC period204060... 0120 20 Harmonic processes

29. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 29 of 50 Autumn 2009 What if periods are not harmonic?

30. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 30 of 50 Autumn 2009 How to construct? If the periods are not harmonically related – change the periods – all processes should be run at least as often as every (original) T i Place the processes in minor cycle and major cycle until repetition appears

31. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 31 of 50 Autumn 2009 processAB period75100 Alternative 1: Run process B more often than necessary, e.g. once every 75 time units. time... 075 minor cycle Drawbacks? Example (3.1)

32. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 32 of 50 Autumn 2009 processAB period75100 Alternative 2: Choose minor cycle as greatest common divisor, and move processes backwards in time when they clash.... Drawbacks? time 0 25100150 Example (3.2)

33. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 33 of 50 Autumn 2009 Jitter control Many applications need to minimise jitter in reading data from sensors or producing output to actuators

34. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 34 of 50 Autumn 2009 processAB period75100 Alternative 3: A mix of the last two minor cycle Drawbacks? Example (3.3) time 050...

35. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 35 of 50 Autumn 2009 Schedulability test Sum of processes’ execution times (WCET) in each minor cycle is less than the cycle’s length, and processes run at the ”right” frequency If succeeded: the schedule, whose length corresponds to the major cycle, is repeated for all executions

36. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 36 of 50 Autumn 2009 If they don’t fit? Break some process that does not fit into two or more processes and run the different parts in different minor cycles Drawbacks? Creates new processes out of the old one!

37. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 37 of 50 Autumn 2009 What if dependent? So far we assumed all processes are independent. Dependence can be due to sharing resources or computation precedence requirements In either case, the fixed order has to respect dependencies

38. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 38 of 50 Autumn 2009 Summary Cycles can be hard to determine and can become looong... Very inflexible Can lead to high processor utilisation Long WCET can create problems Sporadic processes are run periodically

39. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 39 of 50 Autumn 2009 Simple at run-time No overheads for context switching Processes can exchange data without the need for explicit (dynamic) synchronisation But...

40. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 40 of 50 Autumn 2009 Run-time behaviour What is the deadline for each process? How does one know that processes meet their deadlines? What happens if they don’t?

41. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 41 of 50 Autumn 2009 Better methods needed For: Processes with long WCET Sporadic events Processes with long period but short deadline Process dependence –sharing resources –overruns

42. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 42 of 50 Autumn 2009 Priority-based scheduling A preemptive method where the priority of the process determines whether it continues to run or it is disrupted ”Most important process first!”

43. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 43 of 50 Autumn 2009 RMS Rate Monotonic Scheduling: On-line Preemptive Priority-based with fixed (static) priorities

44. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 44 of 50 Autumn 2009 Priorities Each process has a period T i that is the shortest interval between its release times Processes are assigned priorities dependent on length of T i – The shorter T i the higher the priority

45. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 45 of 50 Autumn 2009 Example (4) P1 P2 P3 Period (Ti) 20 50 30 WCET (Ci)10 10 5 Priority high low medium

46. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 46 of 50 Autumn 2009 Consider following scenario: arrival timeprocess 0P1, P2, P3 20 P1 30 P3 40P1 50P2 60P1, P3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 80 90... preemption time

47. Undergraduate course on Real-time Systems Linköping 47 of 50 Autumn 2009 Schedulability test Theorem: (sufficient condition) For n processes, RMS will guarantee their schedulability if the total utilisation U = C 1 /T 1 +... + C n /T n does not exceed the guarantee level G = n (2 1/n -1)