1. Updates: MendelStar is graded. Some of you forgot to submit the write-up to the D2L dropbox Opsinize worksheets are graded an on my desk Last test average: 76% We will be conducting an experiment today and writing a lab report for homework… TAKE NOTES/OBSERVATIONS We WILL do presentations today!

2. New groups: Mayzia, Ryan, Marissa, Nikko Christie, Vick, Iris, Pam Danielle, Ben, Keith, Jessica Samantha, Breanna, Cameron, Kaitlyn Sowmiya, Brian, Courtney Siddesh, Thelma, Kevin, Katrina

4. Glycolysis and Fermentation What’s so sweet about Sugar?

5. Objectives Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is Describe what fermentation is and where the ‘energy’ is Design an experiment to ‘test’ fermentation Weigh the merits of fermentation vs. respiration Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx reaction

6. Thinking it Through CH 4 (methane) C 2 H 5 OH H 3 C-CH 2 -OH (ethanol) C 8 H 18 CH 3 (CH 2 ) 6 CH 3 (octane) H 2 O CO 2 Similarities in components/structure? Differences in behavior? Differences in structure?

7. So where are ‘calories’? Energy (heat) needed to raise 1g water, 1 o C Saturated Fat Why are there more calories?

8. RedOx Reactions

9. OIL RIG OIL = Oxidation Is Loss RIG = Reduction Is Gain of electrons

10. Who has heard of… Adenine? ATP? NAD(H)?

12. O

13. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

14. NAD+

15. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+

18. ..

19. H H H

21. “ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”

23. Phosphate Groups

24. “ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy” Why not just separate? What does this mean in terms of ‘energy’?

26. Metabolic Pathways

30. Glycolysis Glyco – glucose/sugar Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart

31. Glucose (6 Carbons) Glycolysis

32. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Glycolysis

33. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

34. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

35. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”

36. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis *Addition of 2 inorganic phosphates

37. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

38. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

39. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+ Glycolysis

40. Pyruvate 3 Carbons Net production of 2 ATP Glycolysis Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

41. How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?

42. Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

43. How do you Keep Glycolysis Going? Glucose (6 Carbons) 2 ATP 2 ADP Pyruvate 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 NADH 2 NAD+

44. Fermentation (Lactic Acid) Lactic Acid 3 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 NAD+ 2 NADH NADH is oxidized into NAD+ Pyruvate is reduced and forms Lactic Acid

45. Fermentation (Alcoholic) Ethanol 2 Carbons Pyruvate 3 Carbons 2 NAD+ 2 NADH NADH is oxidized into NAD+ Pyruvate is reduced and forms Ethanol CO 2

46. Fermentation Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes NADH into NAD+ Glycolysis – 2 ATP “NO” O 2 present Lactic Acid Alcoholic Ethanol - CO2

47. Here’s the claim: Glycolysis – Glucose + 2ATP  Pyruvate + 4ATP Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH  ethanol + CO 2 + NAD + What can you test? Conditions needed? How? Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’

48. Here’s the claim: Glycolysis – Glucose + 2ATP  Pyruvate + 4ATP Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH  ethanol + CO 2 + NAD + What can you test? Conditions needed? How? Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’

49. Optimizations We’ve proposed testing for components Are all tests best done under same conditions? Concept: limiting components. How do you max your yield (sensitivity) for: Glucose CO 2 EtOH (Ethanol)

50. More? What will your solution look like? “murky”? How do you speed it up? What conditions do we WANT?

51. Time to get to know each other better…

52. What do ‘conclusive’ results tell you? Smoking, etc. ‘consistent’ with

53. Clean Up! There is clean up protocol on the course homepage I will be taking points off of your next quiz if you leave a messy lab bench