1. THE URINARY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS: Excrete toxins and waste Regulate levels of chemicals in the blood Maintain water balance Help regulate Blood Pressure 1

2. Urinary System Components: 2 Kidneys 2 Ureters 1 bladder 1 urethra (Pg458) 2

3. Kidney Location Just above the waistline Under the muscles of the back Retroperitoneal Slightly protected by rib cage Encased by heavy fat cushion, which helps protect & hold it in place (pg 458) 3

4. Location, Location, LOCATION! 4

5. Internal Kidney Structure Cortex…the outer layer Medulla…the inner portion of the kidney Pyramids…triangle divisions of medulla Papilla…narrow,innermost end of pyramid Renal pelvis.. Expansion of upper end of the ureter Calyx…division of renal pelvis (pg 459) 5

6. Internal Structures of the Kidney 6

7. Microscopic Kidney Structure Nephron, smallest functional unit of the kidney. –Renal corpuscle Bowmans’ capsule glomerulus –Renal tubule Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting tubule (pg 461 & 462) 7

8. The Nephron and collecting tube 8

9. Formation of Urine Filtration.. movement of water & solutes out of the blood thru a membrane due to higher hydrostatic pressure on one side Normal glomerular filtration rate is 125ml per minute Reabsorption..process of absorbing again water & solutes that occurs in the kidneys; Secretion..moves substances out of the blood & into the urine for excretion. 9

10. Control of Urine Volume ADH..Antidiuretic hormone makes collecing tubules pearmeable to water (Posterior pituitary hormone) Aldosterone..stimulates tubules to reabsorb sodium salts at a faster rate; ANH..Atrial natriuretic hormone.. stimulates tubules to secrete more sodium and water 10

11. What are Ureters? Long narrow tube with expanded upper end inside the kidney (renal pelvis) Lined with mucous membrane & muscular layer Function: Drains urine from kidney to bladder 11

12. What is the Urinary Bladder? Elastic muscular organ, capable of great expansion Lined with mucous membrane Functions to store urine before voiding Empties, voiding thru urethra 12

13. What is the Urethra? Narrow tube from the urinary bladder to exterior of body Exterior opening called urinary meatus In males also functions as passage for semen 13

14. Micturition Passage of urine from body –Voiding –Urination Regulatory Sphincters –Internal urethral sphincter…involuntary –External urethral sphincter…voluntary Emptying reflex –Initiated by stretching of bladder wall 14

15. Terms related to Urine amounts Anuria…absence of urine Oliguria…scanty amounts of urine Polyuria…abnormally large amount of urine. 15

16. Terms related to Micturition Urinary retention…urine produced but not voided Urinary incontinence… urine voided involuntarily Nocturnal Enuresis..nighttime bedwetting involuntarily 16

17. Disorders & Diseases Of the Urinary System 17

18. Obstructive Disorders Interfere with normal urine flow Can cause urine to back up & cause hydronephrosis 18

19. Obstructive Disorders Renal calculi (kidney stones)..mineral chunks crystallized in renal pelvis or calyces, can block ureters Tumors…renal cell carcinoma, kidney cancer or bladder cancer Hydronephrosis..enlargenment of renal pelvis and calyces caused by blockage of urine flow 19

20. What is Lithotripsy? Lithotriptor …specialized ultrasound generator used to pulverize kidney stones without surgical intervention 20

21. Urinary Tract Infections Urethritis..inflammation of urethra Cystitis..inflammation or infection of the bladder Pyelonephritis…inflammation of the renal pelvis and connective tissue 21

22. Glomerular diorders Result from damage to the capsular membrane of the renal corpuscles Nephrotic syndrome accompanies these disorders –Proteinuria…protein in the urine –Hypoalbuminemia..low plasma protein level –Edema..tissue swelling caused by loss of H2O from plasma due to low protein 22

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24. Glomerulonephritis Acute caused by delayed immune response to streptococcal infection Chronic..slow inflammatory condition caused by immune mechanism,leads to renal failure 24

25. Kidney Disease Polycystic Kidney Disease…numerous fluid filled cystic spaces in one or both kidneys leading to destruction of normal kidney tissues –Symptoms include flank pain and blood in urine –Develops after age 40 in adult form –Hereditary disease 25

26. Renal Failure Kidneys fail to function Acute…abrupt reduction in kidney function usually reversible Chronic..slow, progressive loss of nephrons caused by a variety of underlying diseases 26

27. Renal Failure Stages: Stage 1 …healthy nephrons often compensate for loss or damaged ones Stage 2…renal insufficiency resulting in uremia ( high BUN levels) Stage3..uremia or uremic syndrome, complete kidney failure results in death 27

28. Treatment of Renal Failure Renal Transplantation –Living related donor –Cadaver donor 28

29. Treatment of Renal Failure Hemodialysis..blood taken out of body slowly cleaned up, put back into blood stream. 29

30. Treatment of Renal Failure Peritoneal dialysis 30

31. TAKE CARE OF YOUR KIDNEYS AND THEY WILL TAKE CARE OF YOU! 31