1. Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 25 Commercial Property Insurance

2. 25-2 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Agenda Commercial Package Policy Building and Personal Property Coverage Form Causes-of-Loss Forms Endorsements Reporting Forms Business Income Insurance Other Commercial Property Coverages Transportation Insurance Businessowners Policy (BOP)

3. 25-3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Commercial Package Policy Business firms can purchase a commercial package policy (CPP) –A package policy is one that combines two or more coverages into a single policy –A multiple-line policy combines coverages for property and liability into a single policy –A monoline policy contains only one type of coverage –Advantages include: fewer gaps in coverage, lower premiums, and convenience –The CPP is tailored to cover most property and liability loss exposures Each policy contains a common policy declarations page

4. 25-4 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Commercial Package Policy (Continued) Each policy also contains a common policy conditions page with conditions that apply to all commercial lines of insurance: –Either party can cancel by giving advance notice –An endorsement is required for any policy changes –The insurer has the right to audit the insured’s books and to make inspections –The first named insurer on the declarations is the party responsible for payment of premiums –The insured’s rights and duties cannot be transferred without the insurer’s consent

5. 25-5 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Exhibit 25.1 Structure of a Commercial Package Policy (CPP)

6. 25-6 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Building and Personal Property Coverage Form The building and personal property (BPP) coverage form is widely used to cover a direct physical damage loss to commercial buildings and personal property –The form covers the buildings described in the declarations, including fixtures and permanently installed machinery and equipment –Business personal property, such as furniture and computers, is covered

7. 25-7 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Building and Personal Property Coverage Form (Continued) –Coverage includes the insured’s interest in improvements and betterments as a tenant –Personal property of others in the care, custody, or control of the named insured is also covered –Additional coverages include debris removal, the cost of preserving property, fire department service charges, pollutant cleanup, and the cost to replace data destroyed by a covered loss –Under certain conditions, the insurance can be extended to cover other property, such as the personal effects of employees, newly acquired property, and property off the premises

8. 25-8 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Building and Personal Property Coverage Form (Continued) –A standard deductible applies to each occurrence –If applicable, the coinsurance requirement must be met to avoid a penalty –The policy can be endorsed to cover losses on an agreed value or replacement cost basis, to add an inflation guard, or to extend replacement cost to the personal property of others

9. 25-9 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes-of-Loss Forms A causes-of-loss form must be added to the policy to have a complete contract –The form specifies the covered perils for the business and personal property coverage The causes-of-loss basic form provides coverage for 11 basic causes of loss: –Fire –Lightning –Explosion –Windstorm or hail –Smoke –Aircraft or vehicles –Vandalism –Riot or civil commotion –Sprinkler leakage –Sinkhole collapse –Volcanic action

10. 25-10 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Causes-of-Loss Forms (Continued) The causes-of-loss broad form includes all causes of loss covered by the basic form plus: –Falling objects –Weight of snow, ice, or sleet –Water damage –Also, collapse is covered for certain causes, such as hidden decay or insect damage The causes-of-loss special form insures against “risks of direct physical loss” unless specifically excluded

11. 25-11 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Reporting Forms A reporting form requires the insured to report periodically the value of insured business personal property –The value reporting form is used to insure fluctuations in business personal property –Premiums are based on the actual value of the covered property –If the insured underreports the property values at a location, recovery for a loss at that location is limited to the proportion that the last value reported bears to the correct value that should have been reported –A peak season endorsement increases the amount of insurance in force during a specified period to reflect higher inventory values

12. 25-12 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance Business income insurance is designed to cover the loss of business income, expenses that continue during the shutdown period, and extra expenses because of loss from a covered peril The business income (and extra expense) form covers the loss of business income due to suspension of operations –Business income is defined as the net profit or loss before income taxes that would have been earned, and continuing normal operating expenses, including payroll

13. 25-13 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance (Continued) Extra expenses are the necessary expenses incurred by the firm during the period of restoration The business income coverage form can be purchased with coinsurance of 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, or 125 percent –The coinsurance percentage selected depends on the length of time it takes to complete repairs and resume operations –A higher percentage should be selected if the business expects to be shut down for a longer period of time

14. 25-14 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance (Continued) The business income form provides several additional coverages, including: –Loss of business income and extra expenses caused by action of civil authority –Loss of business income and extra expenses as a result of direct physical damage loss to a new building, or alterations or additions to existing buildings –An extended business income provision covers the reduction in earnings for a limited period –Coverage also applies to suspension of operations caused by an interruption of computer operations from a covered cause of loss

15. 25-15 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance (Continued) The business income form provides several optional coverages, including: –A maximum period of indemnity of 120 days –A monthly limit of indemnity that eliminates the coinsurance requirement and limits the maximum monthly amount that will be paid for each consecutive 30-day period –Business income agreed value, which suspends the coinsurance clause and places no limit on the monthly amount paid, provided that the agreed amount of insurance is carried –An extended period of indemnity, allowing for a longer period for completion of repairs

16. 25-16 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance (Continued) The extra expense coverage form is a separate form that can be used to cover the extra expenses incurred by the firm in continuing operations during a period of restoration –Can be used by firms that must continue to operate after a loss occurs, such as a newspaper –The form does not cover loss of business income –Expenses to continue operations are covered, subject to certain limits

17. 25-17 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Business Income Insurance (Continued) An endorsement can be added to cover the loss of business income from dependent properties –Used when a business depends on a single supplier for raw materials, or relies on a single customer to purchase its products –The loss of income must result from direct damage to property of the dependent property Types of dependent properties include: –Contributing location –Recipient location –Manufacturing location –Leader location

18. 25-18 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages Some firms have certain needs that require more specialized property coverage The builders risk coverage form can be used to insure buildings under construction –Covers the insurable interest of a general contractor, subcontractor, or building owner –Insurance is purchased equal to the full value of the completed building –A builders risk reporting form can be attached as an endorsement

19. 25-19 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages (Continued) A condominium association coverage form covers commercial and residential condominiums –Coverage includes the association’s personal property, such as exercise room equipment –Coverage also includes personal property in the association’s care, such as leased lawn mowers Businesses that own units in a condominium building can purchase a condominium commercial unit-owners coverage form –Not used for residential condominium units –The form covers the business property of the unit owner, such as furniture, fixtures and improvements, machinery and equipment

20. 25-20 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages (Continued) Equipment breakdown insurance covers losses due to the accidental breakdown of covered equipment –These losses are not covered under the causes- of-loss forms –The equipment breakdown protection coverage form can be written separately or it can be part of a commercial package policy –A breakdown is a direct physical loss that causes damage to covered equipment –Covered equipment includes the boiler, machinery, electrical, mechanical, communication and computer equipment insured under the policy

21. 25-21 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages (Continued) The current ISO form includes coverage for: –Property damage –Expediting expenses –Business income and extra expense, or extra expense only –Spoilage damage –Utility interruption –Newly acquired premises –Ordinance or law coverage –Errors and omissions –Brands and labels –Contingent business income and extra expenses

22. 25-22 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages (Continued) Difference in Conditions (DIC) insurance is an “all-risks” policy that covers other perils not insured by basic property insurance contracts –The coverage fills gaps in commercial property coverage –The coverage can be used to insure unusual and catastrophic exposures that are not covered by the underlying contracts –A substantial deductible must be satisfied for losses not covered by the underlying contracts –Many multinational corporations use a DIC policy to insure their overseas property

23. 25-23 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Other Commercial Property Coverages (Continued) The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 created a federal backstop for insurers offering terrorism coverage –It was recently renewed with the Terrorism Risk Insurance Program Reauthorization Act of 2015 Terrorism insurance covers direct physical damage to the insured’s property resulting from an act of terrorism –Terrorism coverage can be obtained through an endorsement or as a separate stand-alone policy

24. 25-24 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance Ocean marine insurance provides protection for goods transported over water Ocean marine insurance comes in several different forms: –Hull insurance covers physical damage to the ship or vessel –A collision liability clause (running down clause) covers the owner’s legal liability if the ship collides with another vessel or damages its cargo –Cargo insurance covers the shipper of the goods if the goods are damaged or lost –Regular shipments can be covered with an open- cargo policy

25. 25-25 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) –Protection and indemnity (P&I) insurance is usually written as a separate contract that provides comprehensive liability insurance for property damage or bodily injury to third parties –Freight insurance indemnifies the ship owner for the loss of earnings if the goods are damaged or lost and are not delivered

26. 25-26 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Ocean marine insurance is based on certain fundamental concepts, or implied warranties: –The owner implicitly warrants that the vessel is seaworthy –The ship can only deviate from its original course to avoid an accident, to save the life of an individual on board, or rescue persons from another vessel –The purpose of the voyage is legal The ocean marine policy provides broad coverage for perils of the sea, such as bad weather, high waves, collision, sinking, and stranding

27. 25-27 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) A particular average is a loss that falls entirely on a particular interest –Under the free-of-particular average (FPA) clause, partial losses are not covered unless the loss is caused by certain perils, such as stranding or sinking A general average is a loss that falls on all parties to the voyage, incurred for the common good –Each party must pay its share of the loss based on the proportion that its interest bears to the total value in the venture –Conditions for a general average loss include imminent peril, voluntary sacrifice, preservation of at least part of the value

28. 25-28 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Inland marine insurance provides protection for goods shipped on land –The coverage grew out of ocean marine insurance –Conflicts between fire and marine insurers were resolved with a nationwide marine definition in 1933, to define the types of property that marine insurers could write –The current definition includes imports, exports, domestic shipments, means of transportation and communication, personal property floater risks, and commercial property floater risks

29. 25-29 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Commercial property that can be insured by inland marine contracts include: –Losses to domestic goods in transit –Property held by a bailee, such as dry cleaner –Mobile equipment, such as a tractor –Property of certain dealers, such as jewelers and dealers in fine art –Means of transportation and communication, which is property at a fixed location that is used in transportation or communications, such as a bridge or television tower

30. 25-30 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Major ISO inland marine forms include: –Accounts receivable –Camera and musical instrument dealers –Commercial articles –Equipment dealers –Film –Floor plan –Jewelers block –Mail –Physicians and surgeons equipment –Signs coverage –Theatrical property –Valuable papers and records

31. 25-31 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Other inland marine forms are used to meet specialized needs –An annual transit policy can be used to cover the shipment of goods on public trucks, railroads, and coastal vessels –A trip transit policy is used by firms to cover a single shipment –A business floater covers property that frequently moves from one location to another, such as contractors equipment and garments in the process of manufacturing

32. 25-32 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Transportation Insurance (Continued) Two inland marine forms are available for bailees: –A bailees liability policy covers the firm’s liability for the property of customers, if the firm is found legally liable –A bailees customers policy covers the loss or damage to the property of others regardless of legal liability Inland marine contracts can be used to cover bridges, tunnels, towers, pipelines, power lines, and similar property

33. 25-33 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Businessowners Policy A businessowners policy (BOP) is a package policy specifically designed for small- to medium-sized retail stores, office buildings, apartment buildings, and similar firms –The ISO BOP provides both property and liability coverage in one policy –Businesses are ineligible if their loss exposures are outside those contemplated for the average small- to medium-sized firm –Coverage includes buildings described in the declarations, fixtures, permanently installed machinery and equipment

34. 25-34 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Businessowners Policy (Continued) –The current ISO version of the BOP is a special form that insures property on an open-perils basis –Business personal property, including property in the insured’s care, is also covered –A peak season provision provides for a temporary increase of 25 percent of the amount of insurance when inventory values are at their peak –Some additional coverages include debris removal, collapse, and interruption of computer operations –A standard deductible of $500 per occurrence applies to all property coverages

35. 25-35 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Businessowners Policy (Continued) For an additional cost, businessowners can also cover: –Outdoor signs –Money and securities –Employee dishonesty –Mechanical breakdown The BOP also includes business liability coverage similar to the commercial general liability policy (CGL) –The policy covers bodily injury and property damage liability, and advertising and personal injury liability –Medical expense insurance is also provided