1. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles SOES 6047 Global Climate Cycles L15: Research Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation of climate records Dr. Heiko Pälike heiko@noc.soton.ac.uk Ext. 23638, Rm. 164/34

2. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 2 Last “themes” lecture: ๏ Climate forcing, models & response: ๏ When put as a forcing function to climate models, orbital variations show a different, and much more varied response ๏ The response amplifies eccentricity frequencies at low latitudes, and has large effects on the seasonal contrast ๏ insolation forcing in itself can be complex, with phase differences between NH and SH for climatic precession ๏ using orbital forcing in more complex models, one gets threshold behaviour in response to carbon dioxide concentrations ๏ Climate forcing, models & response: ๏ When put as a forcing function to climate models, orbital variations show a different, and much more varied response ๏ The response amplifies eccentricity frequencies at low latitudes, and has large effects on the seasonal contrast ๏ insolation forcing in itself can be complex, with phase differences between NH and SH for climatic precession ๏ using orbital forcing in more complex models, one gets threshold behaviour in response to carbon dioxide concentrations

3. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 3 Objectives & learning outcomes ๏ consider the spatial variation and resolution of current climatic records from sediment cores ๏ appreciate that Earth system leads to different response of climate machine during different geological epochs ๏ learn that records from the same time slice can give different response, e.g. when one compares Atlantic with Pacific records with the current ocean circulation regime ๏ consider the spatial variation and resolution of current climatic records from sediment cores ๏ appreciate that Earth system leads to different response of climate machine during different geological epochs ๏ learn that records from the same time slice can give different response, e.g. when one compares Atlantic with Pacific records with the current ocean circulation regime

4. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 4 Lecture outline ๏ Temporal data coverage of climate records for the Cenozoic ๏ Spatial bias in climate records ๏ Temporal variation of climate records ๏ Examples: ๏ Spatial (vertical) variability of records near the Southern Ocean ๏ Temporal evolution of the carbonate system in the equatorial Pacific ๏ Temporal data coverage of climate records for the Cenozoic ๏ Spatial bias in climate records ๏ Temporal variation of climate records ๏ Examples: ๏ Spatial (vertical) variability of records near the Southern Ocean ๏ Temporal evolution of the carbonate system in the equatorial Pacific

5. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 5 Charles, C. D. & Fairbanks, R. G. (1992), ‘Evidence from Southern Ocean sediments for the effect of North Atlantic deep-water flux on climate’, Nature 355, 416–419. Hodell, D. A., Charles, C. D., & Sierro, F. J. (2001), ‘Late Pleistocene evolution of the ocean’s carbonate system’, Earth and Planetery Science Letters 192, 109–124. Hodell, D. A., Gersonde, R., & Blum, P., ‘Leg 177 Synthesis: Insights into the Southern Ocean Paleoceanography on tectonic to millenial timescales’, Proc. ODP, Sci. Res. 177, R. Gersonde & P. Hodell, D. A. Blum, eds. (2002), 1–54. Lyle, M. (2003), ‘Neogene carbonate burial in the Pacific Ocean’, Paleoceanography 18, PA1059. Moore, T. C., et al. (2004), ‘The Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity and plate motion’, Paleoceanography 19, PA3013. Rea, D. K. & Lyle, M. W. (2005), ‘Paleogene calcite compensation depth in the eastern subtropical Pacific: Answers and Questions’, Paleoceanography 20, PA1012. Zachos, J. C., et al. (2001), ‘Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present’, Science 292, 686–693. Some references

6. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 6 ๏ are compilations of climate data representative of the spatial and temporal variability of climate on the planet? do we have enough data? Are climate records coherent? Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Lisiecki, L.E., Raymo M.E.(2005) A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic  18 O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003. 18 January 2005. Copyright [2005] American Geophysical Union.

7. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 7 ๏ So far, the most comprehensive compilation of stable isotope data, used as proxy indicator for the Earth’s climate system, comes from the compilation of Jim Zachos (U. Santa Cruz) ๏ (data available from http://www.es.ucsc.edu/%7Esilab/ZACPUBDATA/2001CompilationData.txt) ๏ So far, the most comprehensive compilation of stable isotope data, used as proxy indicator for the Earth’s climate system, comes from the compilation of Jim Zachos (U. Santa Cruz) ๏ (data available from http://www.es.ucsc.edu/%7Esilab/ZACPUBDATA/2001CompilationData.txt) Temporal Cenozoic coverage Modified from Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., (2001a). Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. This figure may be used for non-commercial, classroom purposes only. Any other uses require the prior written permission from AAAS.

8. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 8 ๏ will cover this in detail tomorrow, but important considerations here with respect to how to interpret data ๏ temporal resolution: the composite record has a much larger number of data points towards the present (ca. 5500 for Plio/Pleistocene, 250 for Paleocene!) ๏ will cover this in detail tomorrow, but important considerations here with respect to how to interpret data ๏ temporal resolution: the composite record has a much larger number of data points towards the present (ca. 5500 for Plio/Pleistocene, 250 for Paleocene!) Temporal Cenozoic coverage Modified from Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., (2001a). Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. This figure may be used for non-commercial, classroom purposes only. Any other uses require the prior written permission from AAAS.

9. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 9 ๏ Data are biased towards low latitudes ๏ Data are from many different sites, all coerced onto the same age model ๏ hence, age-errors have to be reduced by smoothing the record, further reducing age resolution ๏ Data are biased towards low latitudes ๏ Data are from many different sites, all coerced onto the same age model ๏ hence, age-errors have to be reduced by smoothing the record, further reducing age resolution Temporal Cenozoic coverage Modified from Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., (2001a). Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. This figure may be used for non-commercial, classroom purposes only. Any other uses require the prior written permission from AAAS.

10. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 10 ๏ Consider map of all DSDP/ODP/IODP sites drilled so far: ๏ many sites in Atlantic, centred over MOR, and towards continents ๏ S. Pacific a complete desert! ๏ Southern Ocean poorly samples ๏ Consider map of all DSDP/ODP/IODP sites drilled so far: ๏ many sites in Atlantic, centred over MOR, and towards continents ๏ S. Pacific a complete desert! ๏ Southern Ocean poorly samples Spatial Cenozoic coverage Accessed from: http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/maps/iodp_odp_dsdp.gif

11. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 11 Implication for interpretation of records ๏ Records available so far show large temporal and spatial differences in terms of how climate records are recorded, and what they are influenced by. ๏ Reconsider “100kyr” world for the past ~800 kyr ๏ were all glacial- interglacial cycles synchronous across all oceans? ๏ can we find other examples for cyclicity switch? ๏ Records available so far show large temporal and spatial differences in terms of how climate records are recorded, and what they are influenced by. ๏ Reconsider “100kyr” world for the past ~800 kyr ๏ were all glacial- interglacial cycles synchronous across all oceans? ๏ can we find other examples for cyclicity switch? Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Lisiecki, L.E., Raymo M.E.(2005) A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic  18 O records, Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003. 18 January 2005. Copyright [2005] American Geophysical Union.

12. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 12 Examples for spatial variability ๏ consider results from Leg 177 (Southern Ocean) ๏ set of 7 sites drilled across southern Polar and sub-antarctic frontal systems, and sampling different water depths: ๏ consider results from Leg 177 (Southern Ocean) ๏ set of 7 sites drilled across southern Polar and sub-antarctic frontal systems, and sampling different water depths: From Hodell, D.A., Gersonde, R., and Blum, P. 2002. Leg 177 synthesis: insights into Southern Ocean paleoceanography on tectonic to millennial timescales. In Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., and Blum, P. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 177, 1–54 [Online]. Available from WWW: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_SR/synth/synth.htm

13. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 13 Examples for spatial variability ๏ A very typical approach to better understand the vertical variability of climate over time is to recover depth-transects across major horizons of palaeocanographic variability, such as the CCD, or water masses ๏ such approaches show that records from a single site should never be interpreted in isolation ๏ large vertical and spatial variability between sitess ๏ A very typical approach to better understand the vertical variability of climate over time is to recover depth-transects across major horizons of palaeocanographic variability, such as the CCD, or water masses ๏ such approaches show that records from a single site should never be interpreted in isolation ๏ large vertical and spatial variability between sitess From Hodell, D.A., Gersonde, R., and Blum, P. 2002. Leg 177 synthesis: insights into Southern Ocean paleoceanography on tectonic to millennial timescales. In Gersonde, R., Hodell, D.A., and Blum, P. (Eds.), Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 177, 1–54 [Online]. Available from WWW: http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_SR/synth/synth.htm http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/177_SR/synth/synth.htm

14. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 14 ๏ At present, there appears to be a consistent pattern of carbonate deposition that is significantly different between the Atlantic and the Pacific: ๏ in the Pacific, higher %CaCO 3 sediments are recovered during glacial times ๏ in the Atlantic, higher %CaCO 3 sediments during interglacial ๏ At present, there appears to be a consistent pattern of carbonate deposition that is significantly different between the Atlantic and the Pacific: ๏ in the Pacific, higher %CaCO 3 sediments are recovered during glacial times ๏ in the Atlantic, higher %CaCO 3 sediments during interglacial Variations in carbonate deposition Follow link below to see figures (1 and 7) and to see full article. Link: Hodell, D.A., Charles, C.D., and Sierro, F.J., (2001). Late Pleistocene evolutionHodell, D.A., Charles, C.D., and Sierro, F.J., (2001). Late Pleistocene evolution of the ocean's carbonate system, Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 192, p. 109-124.

15. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 15 ๏ High-resolution benthic isotope records from pre-Quaternary times have recently become available. ๏ They show a very different pattern compared to the 100kyr and 41kyr world of the Plio-Pleistocene ๏ much stronger 400 kyr cycle in the Mio/Oligocene ๏ Zachos et al., Science (2001a) ๏ High-resolution benthic isotope records from pre-Quaternary times have recently become available. ๏ They show a very different pattern compared to the 100kyr and 41kyr world of the Plio-Pleistocene ๏ much stronger 400 kyr cycle in the Mio/Oligocene ๏ Zachos et al., Science (2001a) Temporal variation Modified from Zachos, J.C., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., Billups, K., (2001a). Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present. Science, 292, 686-693. Reprinted with permission from AAAS. This figure may be used for non-commercial, classroom purposes only. Any other uses require the prior written permission from AAAS.

16. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 16 ๏ Example: evolution of the Pacific equatorial upwelling zone ๏ was the behaviour of the ocean system different in the past? ๏ Example: evolution of the Pacific equatorial upwelling zone ๏ was the behaviour of the ocean system different in the past? Temporal evolution present-day Chlorophyll concentrations (SeaWIFS satellite, 1997/8)

17. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 17 ๏ A change in the depth of the CCD has significant implications for the area, and volume, of carbonate deposition, which in turn has effects on the entire carbon cycle Importance of CCD change in Pacific Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Rea, D.K., Lyle, M.W., (2005) Paleogene calcite compensation depth in the eastern subtropical Pacific: Answers and Questions. Paleoceanography, v. 20, PA1012, 19 February 2005. Copyright [2005] American Geophysical Union.

18. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 18 ๏ Answer: look at thickness and composition of past sediments ๏ reconstruct sediment accumulation rates for several intervals of time through the lower Neogene and Palaeogene, averaged over 4-6 million year intervals ๏ rotate sites to their position at the midpoint of each time interval ๏ work back in time ๏ Answer: look at thickness and composition of past sediments ๏ reconstruct sediment accumulation rates for several intervals of time through the lower Neogene and Palaeogene, averaged over 4-6 million year intervals ๏ rotate sites to their position at the midpoint of each time interval ๏ work back in time Temporal evolution Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

19. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 19 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 10-14 Ma: ๏ Pattern comparable to that of modern accumulation rates ๏ 10-14 Ma: ๏ Pattern comparable to that of modern accumulation rates Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

20. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 20 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 14-18 Ma: ๏ pattern again similar to younger interval, but ๏ slightly higher accumulation rates ๏ 14-18 Ma: ๏ pattern again similar to younger interval, but ๏ slightly higher accumulation rates Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

21. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 21 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 22-26 Ma: ๏ pattern again similar to younger interval, but ๏ single Panama gateway open ๏ 22-26 Ma: ๏ pattern again similar to younger interval, but ๏ single Panama gateway open Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

22. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 22 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 26-30 Ma: ๏ much broader equatorial zone, and deeper CCD ๏ apparent zones of higher rates @10°N, 20°S ๏ second Panama gateway? ๏ 26-30 Ma: ๏ much broader equatorial zone, and deeper CCD ๏ apparent zones of higher rates @10°N, 20°S ๏ second Panama gateway? Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

23. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 23 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 40-46 Ma: ๏ Equatorial zone well defined ๏ Eastern equatorial Pacific has higher rates at equator, and north and south of equator ๏ 40-46 Ma: ๏ Equatorial zone well defined ๏ Eastern equatorial Pacific has higher rates at equator, and north and south of equator Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

24. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 24 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ 50-56 Ma: ๏ Peak Eocene warmth ๏ Equatorial zone poorly developed ๏ NEC and NECC still well developed ๏ 50-56 Ma: ๏ Peak Eocene warmth ๏ Equatorial zone poorly developed ๏ NEC and NECC still well developed Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

25. SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation 25 The Pacific equatorial evolution ๏ final result: ๏ significantly different accumulation patterns during the Eocene compared to modern ๏ need to be careful again when interpreting records ๏ final result: ๏ significantly different accumulation patterns during the Eocene compared to modern ๏ need to be careful again when interpreting records Reproduced by permission of American Geophysical Union: Moore, T.C., Backman, J., Raffi, I., Nigiri, C., Sanfilippo, A., Palike, H., (2004). Paleogene tropical Pacific: Clues to circulation, productivity, and plate motion, Paleoceanography, v. 19, PA3013. 18 September 2004. Copyright [2004] American Geophysical Union.

26. L15 Themes: Spatial & Temporal variation SOES6047 - Global Climate Cycles 26 Key point summary ๏ There is immense spatial and temporal variability in climate records, ๏ both as a function of sampling and coverage, ๏ but also in terms of how the oceanic system has large spatial and temporal variation of processes ๏ Need to be careful when interpreting records ๏ many things still to be discovered when studying “deep time” ๏ Significant variation between Atlantic & Pacific, need to explore evolution of water masses with time ๏ There is immense spatial and temporal variability in climate records, ๏ both as a function of sampling and coverage, ๏ but also in terms of how the oceanic system has large spatial and temporal variation of processes ๏ Need to be careful when interpreting records ๏ many things still to be discovered when studying “deep time” ๏ Significant variation between Atlantic & Pacific, need to explore evolution of water masses with time

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