1. Quantifying spatial patterns of transpiration in xeric and mesic forests Jonathan D. Adelman 1 Brent E. Ewers 1 Mike Loranty 2 D. Scott Mackay 2 June 1, 2005 1: University of Wyoming 2: SUNY Buffalo

2. Cookie-cutter approach vs. spatially explicit upscaling Traditional method: pick one point in a stand, measure parameter(s) of interest, and assume the rest of the stands exhibits identical behavior. -Traditional means of quantifying carbon and water fluxes have not been spatially explicit. -Some ChEAS-based studies have successfully utilized this approach; however, changes in site gradient or management plan would have likely rendered traditional sampling ineffective. E C =J S ·(A S :A G ) E C =K L ·(Ψ S -Ψ L ) E C =G S ·LAI·(VPD) E C = canopy transpiration J S = sap flux A S :A G = sap wood to ground area ratio K L = hydraulic conductance Ψ S = soil water potential Ψ L = leaf water potential G S = canopy stomatal conductance LAI = leaf area index VPD = vapor pressure deficit

3. Cookie-cutter approach vs. spatially explicit upscaling Spatially explicit method: allow parameter to vary across the stand. -Geostatistical analyses appearing more often in ecology literature. -Rarely used with flux ecology, mostly with soils; no prominent studies quantify ecophysiological spatial patterns. -Water is easy to measure spatially; is continuous; good eventual proxy for carbon fluxes. E C =J S ·(A S :A G ) E C =K L ·(Ψ S -Ψ L ) E C =G S ·LAI·(VPD) E C = canopy transpiration J S = sap flux A S :A G = sap wood to ground area ratio K L = hydraulic conductance Ψ S = soil water potential Ψ L = leaf water potential G S = canopy stomatal conductance LAI = leaf area index VPD = vapor pressure deficit

4. Traditional geostatistical analyses The semivariance of a measured parameter (in this case, soil moisture) is used to create a kriged surface. This methodology can also be used with flux measurements.

5. Objectives Determine whether spatial patterns of transpiration exist –If not spatial patterns exist, use cookie-cutter approach –If spatial patterns exist, models must be spatially explicit Determine whether spatial patterns change in time Determine whether spatial patterns change with scaling Determine whether spatial patterns change across ecosystems –If so, easily measured proxy is needed Test methodology in two differing ecosystems –Wisconsin: mesic site, lowland  upland gradient –Wyoming: xeric site, low-lying creek  hilltop gradient

6. Study sites

9. Wetland Transition Upland Study sites Wisconsin 120m x 120m area80m x 184m area Low slope Mid slope High slope Wyoming -moisture gradients -VPD -sap flux -soil moisture -VPD

10. The semi-variogram  = semi-variance distance = distance between point pairs a = sill b = range c = nugget c

11. Semi-variograms of J S across time

12. Semi-variograms of VPD and soil moisture July 28, 2004 August 5, 2004

13. Semi-variograms of J S and E C

14. VS.

15. Kriging

16. Conclusions Spatial patterns of sap flux and transpiration exist: –models must be spatially explicit, OR –easily measurable proxies must be found Spatial patterns of sap flux and transpiration change: –across time –across ecosystems –with upscaling Implications for carbon flux measurements Proxies: –remotely sensed imagery –physiological parameters such as LAI

17. Acknowledgements Wisconsin-based research has been funded by NSF Hydrologic Sciences (EAR-0405306 to D.S. Mackay, EAR-0405381 to B.E. Ewers, and EAR-0405318 to E.L. Kruger). Wyoming-based research has been funding by Wyoming NASA Space Grant Consortium’s 2004 Graduate Research Fellowship (to J.D. Adelman). Thanks to the Principal Investigators, as well as Mike Loranty, Erin Loranty, and Tim Wert for assistance at the ChEAS study site, and Mel Durrett and Ian Abernethy for assistance at the Snowy Range study site. Special thanks to Sarah Kerker, whose fingerprints have left indelible marks at both sites.