1. Chapter 11.1 Early Civilizations of Africa
Sahara Desert—largest desert in the world
One of the many geographic features that played a role in Africa’s development.
2nd largest continent
Wide range of
climates—equator
Vegetation—rain forest
Terrains—desert, Mt. Kilimanjaro

2. Chapter 11 vocab 5 pics, 5 similes 
Savanna 1 desertification 1 Cataracts 1 commodity 2 Surplus 2 Swahili 3 Matrilineal 4 patrilineal 4 Lineage 4 nuclear family 4

3. Vocab exercise: ¼ sheets
Commodity Surplus _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Describe each
term.
Use each term
in a sentence.

4. Focus Q: Nov.
See map page 342. Describe Africa’s geography. Different regions? Where are they? How did geography impact the movement of people?

5. Focus Q: Dec. 8 What is hope? Is hope important?
Why do you have hope? Where does hope come from?
How do you combat hopelessness?
Any comments on hope?

7. Key West latitude

8. Geographic Patterns
Vegetation Regions—effect how people live and make a living
Tropical rain forest—along the equator
***Savannas—where most of the population is
North/south of equator, grassy plains***
3. Deserts—north/south of savannas

13. Mt. Kilimanjaro

18. Geographic Patterns
Also influence cultural development—barriers or highways
1. Barriers
Deserts, rain forest, high plateaus, rivers w/ ***cataracts (waterfalls)***
2. Highways—for trade
Savannas, Great Rift Valley, Med. and Red Seas

19. Blue Nile Cataracts

20. 1st cataract

21. 4th Cataract: rocky, rapids

22. Resources Spur Trade
Much mineral wealth: gold, salt, copper, iron
1. Trade hindered by deserts until camels
**camels: “ships of the desert,” revolutionize trade across the Sahara**
From Asia, carry heavy loads
20-30 miles/day, often w/o water

23. 1 hump (Dromedary) or 2 hump (Bactrian)
7 ft. tall, up to 2000 lbs.
Carry lbs

25. transitional zone between the arid Sahara (desert) to the north
and the belt of humid savannas
to the south

27. Great Basin
Mojave
Sonoran
Chihuahuan

31. People and Ideas Migrate
Evidence that Africa is home to our earliest ancestors
They migrated, in spite of, geographic barriers all over Africa and beyond

32. The Sahara Dries Out
Early Africans were hunter/gatherers
By 5500 B.C. were cultivating Nile Valley, domesticating animals
Ancient rock paintings show the Sahara was a savanna (grassland)
2500 B.C. climate changes
***Desertification—climate dries out, prompts migration of Neolithic peoples***

37. Nubia (Kush) Flourishes Along the Nile
Trade led to contact, and rivalry, btwn Nubia and Egypt
Nubia under Egyptian control for 500 years
Get independence (1100 BC) and conquer Egypt later (730 BC)
***Nubians adopt many Egyptian traditions***

41. Meroe Masters Trade and Iron
Meroe: capital of Nubia
Location allows it to be trade center
Control north/south trade on Nile and east/west from Red Sea to North Africa
Send gold, ivory, animal skins, slaves to Mediterranean World and SE Asia

42. Expanding
Networks: Routes
On the map are some of the goods traded along the Afroeurasian networks.

46. Meroe Masters Trade and Iron
Resources help it to dominate the region
Timber, iron ore
1. ***Smelting furnaces make iron tools, weapons***
Feed, control, defend the kingdom

49. Outside Influences Affect North Africa
Rome and Carthage (Roman city-states) fight a the Punic Wars (3) from B.C.
Rome wins and occupies a narrow strip of land btwn the Mediterranean and Sahara
***Rome uses Africa as a granary to feed the Roman Empire***