1. The Atmosphere: Structure & Temperature

2. Atmosphere Characteristics Weather is constantly changing, and it refers to the state of the atmosphere at any given time and place. Climate, however, is based on observations of weather that have been collected over many years. – Climate helps describe a place or region.

4. Atmosphere Characteristics Water vapor is the source of all clouds and precipitation. Like carbon dioxide, water vapor absorbs heat given off by Earth. It also absorbs some solar energy. If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of the sun’s UV rays reached the surface of Earth, our planet would be uninhabitable for many living organisms. – Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3).

8. Atmosphere Characteristics The atmosphere thins as you travel away from Earth until there are too few gas molecules to detect. The atmosphere can be divided vertically into four layers based on temperature.

9. Atmosphere Characteristics The bottom layer, where temperature decreases with an increase in altitude, is the troposphere.

10. Atmosphere Characteristics The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere immediately above the troposphere. – In the stratosphere, temperature increases with height, due to the concentration of ozone.

11. Atmosphere Characteristics In the third layer, the mesosphere, temperatures again decrease with height until the outer layer of the mesosphere, the mesopause.

12. Atmosphere Characteristics The fourth layer is the thermosphere, which extends outward from the mesopause, has no well-defined upper limit, and contains only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere’s mass.

13. Ionosphere

14. Seasons Seasonal changes ARE NOT caused by changing distances between the Earth and Sun. Seasons occur because Earth is tilted 23.5° and as it revolves around the Sun, we receive different amounts of sunlight.

15. On June 21 or 22 the Northern Hemisphere is titled 23.5° degrees toward the sun. This date is known as the summer solstice, or the first “official” day of summer. – This is the longest day of the year. – The sun is highest in our sky. December 21 or 22 the Northern Hemisphere is tilted 23.5° away from the sun. This date is known as the winter solstice, or the first day of winter. – This is the shortest day of the year. – The sun is lowest in our sky.

16. September 22 or 23 is the date of the autumnal equinox, or the first day of fall in the Northern Hemisphere. March 21 or 22 is the date of the spring equinox, of the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere. – On these days the Earth’s axis is not titled toward or away from the Sun. – Every place on Earth receives equal day and equal night. – The sun is directly overhead at the Equator.

17. The Southern Hemisphere is always experiencing the opposite season of the Northern Hemisphere.

18. 17.2 Heating the Atmosphere Heat is the energy transferred from one object to another because of a difference in their temperatures. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the individual atoms or molecules in a substance.

19. Heating the Atmosphere Three mechanisms of energy transfer as heat are conduction, convection, and radiation.

20. Heating the Atmosphere Conduction is the transfer of heat through matter by molecular activity.

21. Heating the Atmosphere Convection is the transfer of heat by mass movement or circulation within a substance.

22. Heating the Atmosphere Radiation is the transfer of heat through space by electromagnetic waves. – Electromagnetic energy is classified according to wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum.

23. Heating the Atmosphere Unlike conduction and convection, which need material to travel through, radiant energy can travel through the vacuum of space. All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy. (Law of radiation #1) Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit area than colder objects do. (Law of radiation #2) The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation. (law of radiation #3)

24. Heating the Atmosphere Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are good emitters as well. (law of radiation #4) When radiation strikes an object, there usually are three different results:

25. Heating the Atmosphere 1.Some energy is absorbed by the object. 2. Substances such as water and air are transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation. 3. Some radiation may bounce off the object without being absorbed or transmitted.

27. Heating the Atmosphere Reflection occurs when an electromagnetic wave bounces off an object. Scattering occurs when electromagnetic waves bounce off an object, producing a larger number of weaker rays that travel in different directions.

28. Heating the Atmosphere In the greenhouse effect, Earth’s surface and atmosphere are heated by solar energy that is absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere.

29. 17.3 Temperature Controls Factors other than latitude that exert a strong influence on temperature include heating of land and water, altitude, geographic position, cloud cover, and ocean currents.

30. Temperature Controls Land heats more rapidly and to higher temperatures than water. Land also cools more rapidly and to lower temperatures than water.

31. Temperature Controls Many clouds have a high albedo, and therefore reflect a significant portion of the sunlight that strikes them back to space.

32. Temperature Controls Albedo is the fraction of total radiation that is reflected by any surface.

33. Temperature Controls Isotherms are lines on a map that connect points that have the same temperature.