1. Rise of European Nationalism

2. Europe BEFORE Napoleonic Wars 1802 Europe AFTER Congress of Vienna 1815

3. Nations and Nationalism “Nation” a type of community, especially prominent in 19 th century – Unification based on shared language, customs, values, historical experience Movement against being ruled by foreign governments – Inspired by Napoleonic Expansionism/Revolutions 3

4. Types of Nationalism Cultural: – Promoting unification based on cultural similarities i.e. language, traditions, shared history – German states Volksgeist movement- Promoting German culture, food, literature, etc…. over foreign culture Political: – Movement for political independence from foreign rule Greeks rebel against Muslim Ottoman rule in the Balkans 1821 4

5. Unification of Germany 1871 Loose collection of 39 German states since 11 th century HRE dissolved during Napoleonic control 1806 Congress of Vienna- consolidated states under Austrian control – Powerful Prussian state resented subjugation Won independence from Austria 1868 – Unified as new German Empire with Prussian Prince Otto Van Bismark as Emperor

6. Italian Unification 1871 Dozens of regional city- states/kingdoms since fall of Rome – Diverse governments: kingdoms, republics, papal states – Location lead regions to be conquered by larger empires Islamic, Ottoman (south), Austrian, HRE, France (north) Conquered and unified under Napoleon – Congress of Vienna granted NE Italian states to Austria States unified under kingdom of Sardinia to push Austria out

7. Russian Nationalism Pan-Slavism: promoting Slavic language and culture against Western European influence Attempt to protect against expansion of France, Austria, and Ottomans into Slavic lands Anti-Jewish Pogroms – Government forced removal of Jews from Russia – Feared Jewish population would increase; threaten Russian culture and state religion (Orthodox Christianity)

8. Zionist Movement Increased nationalism lead to anti-Jewish sentiment Communities started to call for “refuge” – Worked to create Jewish state in Palestine Location of first Semitic/Jewish kingdoms – Lack of international support made migration slow until after 1900