1. The End of War and the Treaty of Versailles

2. The End of the War Russia backs out of the war in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Germany and Russia (March 1918) which gives Germany a lot of Russian territory Final assault on France at second battle of Marne in July 1918 failed because of weak German army and strong U.S. forces November 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II resigned November 11, 1918 World War I finished

3. Meeting at Versailles Participants: “The Big Four”: o Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) o Georges Clemenceau (France) o David Lloyd George (Great Britain) o Vittorio Orlando (Italy) o Who is noticeably absent from this group? Why were they not invited?

4. Wilson’s 14 Points Plan for achieving lasting peace Self-determination- allowing people to decide their own type of government for themselves 14 th point- establishment of the League of Nations

5. What Were Britain and France Concerned with? They are concerned with national security They want to punish Germany and strip Germany of its war-making powers

6. Treaty Signed! Agreement finally reached between Germany and the Allied powers on June 28, 1919 No one satisfied with the agreement

7. How did the Treaty Punish Germany? Territorial losses Military Restrictions War guilt (took the blame) Pay reparations to the Allies

8. How did the Treaty Change the World Map? New countries were created from the Austro-Hungarian empire Ottoman lands were carved up into mandates Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania became independent nations Poland and Romania get independence and gain Russian territory

9. How was Wilson’s 14 th Point incorporated into the treaty? Creation of the League of Nations, an international association to keep peace between countries

10. Why did the U.S. reject the treaty? Many Americans objected to the League of Nations, believing that the United States should stay out of European affairs

11. How did this rejection affect the League of Nations? Without U.S. support, the League of nations was unable to take action on various complaints of nations around the world

12. Why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty? Germans upset at the war guilt clause Africans and Asians upset at not getting independence for their war efforts Japanese and Italians gained less land than they wanted

13. Legacy of War Human death toll high (up to 20 million) Lost generation of people Rise of worker revolutions (Russia)