1. Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC’s
2.2 Network Devices
Connectors, Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, NIC’s

2. Network Devices Network is interconnection of devices.
For these connection we need to use the connecting devices.
Also called as Network Control Devices.

3. The purpose
Allow a greater number of nodes to be connected to the network.
Extend the distance over which a network can extend.
Localize traffic on the network.
Can merge existing networks.
Isolate network problems so that they can be diagnosed more easily.

4. Devices and the layers at which they operate

5. Connectors To connect cable between two computers.
Connectors are of different type such as –
Twisted Pair cable
Co-axial Cable
Fibre optic cable.
Connectors are type such as-
Jacks
Plugs
Sockets and ports

6. Connectors Example: RS232 and V35 for serial interface
RJ45 and BNC connectors for Ethernet.
SC or ST connectors for fibre optic

8. Repeaters Single port, multi-port repeaters.
Signal attenuation or signal loss – signal degrades over distance
Repeaters clean, amplify, and resend signals that are weakened by long cable length.
Built-in to hubs or switches
A repeater operates only at the PHYSICAL layer.
It connects two segments of the same network.
Single port, multi-port repeaters.

9. Repeaters
Function of a repeater

10. HUB A hub is used as a central device.
Connects the computers in star topology.
Hubs are simple devices that direct data packets to all devices connected to the hub.
Hubs regenerate and retime network signals
hubs work at the OSI physical layer
They cannot filter network traffic.
They cannot determine best path
They are really multi-port repeaters

11. Types of Hub Passive hub Active hubs or Multiport repeaters-
is just a connector - connects the wires coming from different branches.
The signal pass through a passive hub without regeneration or amplification. (distance 300 feet)
Active hubs or Multiport repeaters-
They regenerate or amplify the signal before they are retransmitted (distance feet).
Intelligent Hub
Regenerate the signals and perform network management and intelligent path selection.

12. Bridges Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data link layer.
As a PHYSICAL layer device, it regenerates the signal it receives.
As a data link layer device, the bridge can check the PHYSICAL/MAC addresses (source and destination) contained in the frame.

13. Bridge

14. Bridges A bridge has a table used in filtering decisions.
It can check the destination address of a frame and decide if the frame should be forwarded or dropped.
For frame to be forwarding, it specify the port.
Limit or filter traffic - keeps local traffic local yet allow connectivity to other parts (segments).

16. Function of Bridge

17. Characteristics of Bridges
Routing Tables – Contains one entry per station of network. – Is used to determine the network of destination.
Filtering – Packets are filtered with respect to their destination and multicast addresses.
Forwarding – the process of passing a packet from one network to another.
Learning Algorithm – the process by which the bridge learns how to reach stations on the internetwork.

18. Types of Bridges Transparent Bridge Source Routing Bridge
Also called learning bridges
Build a table of MAC addresses as frames arrive.
Ethernet networks use transparent bridge
Duties are : Filtering frames, forwarding and blocking
Source Routing Bridge
Used in Token Ring networks
Frame contains not only the source and destination address but also the bridge addresses.

19. Advantages And Disadvantages
Advantages of using a bridge – Extend physical network – Reduce network traffic with minor segmentation – Reduce collisions – Connect different architecture
Disadvantages of using bridges – Slower than repeaters due to filtering – Do not filter broadcasts – More expensive than repeaters

20. Differences Between Bridges and Repeaters

21. Switched networks
Shared ethernet networks perform best when kept to percent full capacity
This is a result of CSMA/CD
A LAN switch is a high-speed multiport bridge which segments each port into its own collision domain and can access the full bandwidth

22. Devices and the layers at which they operate
Name of Layer
Device 3
Network
Routers, layer 3 switches 2
Data Link
Switches, bridges, NIC’s 1
Physical
Hubs

23. Switches
Each port is a simulated segment to itself

24. Store and Forward Switches
Do error checking on each frame after the entire frame has arrived into the switch
If the error checking algorithm determines there is no error, the switch looks in its MAC address table for the port to which to forward the destination device
Highly reliable because doesn’t forward bad frames
Slower than other types of switches because it holds on to each frame until it is completely received to check for errors before forwarding

25. Cut Through Switch
Faster than store and forward because doesn’t perform error checking on frames
Reads address information for each frame as the frames enter the switch
After looking up the port of the destination device, frame is forwarded
Forwards bad frames
Performance penalty because bad frames can’t be used and replacement frames must be sent which creates additional traffic

26. Fragment free cut through switch
Combines speed of cut through switch with error checking functionality
Forwards all frames initially, but determines that if a particular port is receiving too many bad frames, it reconfigures the port to store and forward mode
Preferred switching solution

27. Unmanaged/Intelligent switches
Unmanaged – provides LAN’s with all the benefits of switching
Fine in small networks
Intelligent switches tracks and reports LAN performance statistics
Have a database ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) on board to collect and store data which you view through a software interface

28. Layer 3 switch
By definition a switch filters or forwards frames based on MAC addresses. This makes a switch a layer 2 device.
Now we have layer 3 switches which have routing capability. If a data frame can’t be switched it is routed.
Each port is a separate LAN port, but the forwarding engine actually calculates and stores routes based on IP addresses, not MAC addresses
Usually support only IP or IP and IPX

29. VLAN Switches Virtual local area network
Each port on a switch defines a collision domain
The entire switch forms a single broadcast domain
VLANs can define multiple broadcast domains
Network traffic that is directed to all computers on the network can be segmented to transmit only on a specific VLAN.
Improves bandwidth on a the VLAN’s because each VLAN filters the network-to-network broadcast traffic as well as the collision traffic from other VLAN’s

30. Physical Layer Broadcast
Physical layer broadcasts – implemented by non-switched Ethernet networks through shared cabling and hubs
Each bit that is transmitted is physically received by every station
Switches and VLAN’s don’t do physical layer broadcasts

31. MAC-level broadcast
MAC-level broadcast – deal with how to handle MAC level broadcast frames; that is the data frames that have a broadcast destination MAC address
MAC-level broadcast frames are addressed to all MAC addresses on a given network (not a network segment, but an actual network as defined by its network address)
A regular switch forwards all broadcast frames out all ports, but a VLAN switch forwards broadcast frames only to ports that are part of the same VLAN
Multiple switches can be part of the same VLAN

32. VLAN Switches
None of the VLAN’s can communicate unless each VLAN is connected to a router or layer 3 switch
Each VLAN is separating collision traffic associated with MAC Addresses (layer 2) and each VLAN is separating the network-to-network broadcast traffic. In other words each VLAN is acting as a separate network so a layer 3 device is necessary for them to communicate