1. Developing a spatial- and technology - policy to provide domestic comfort to the urban inhabitants of North Western Europe Karel Mulder,

2. Problem climate change, 3-5 ˚C until 2100 urban heat islands, up to 7 ˚C warmer Enhanced urban heat effect, 1 ˚C

3. More heat waves Increased mortality Airconditioners are introduced where they were not used thusfar: Summer peak in electricity: Problem: cooling water for power stations

4. Options at various levels 1.City planning: cooling effect of parks, rivers, lakes, canals 2.Neighbourhoods: trees, ponds, road (materials) 3.Buildings: roofs, (vegetation/reflection/hot water production), construction, orientation, insulation, materials 4.Sustainable Cooling: -geothermal cold (energy balance), efficient heat exchangers -Waste heat for cooling? Absorption chillers.

5. The outline of a research program

6. Heat absorption cooling: A win-win-win situation? Industry: ban on cooling water discharge if water temperatures exceed 28˚C Utilities: no new demand peak in electricity Consumers: ? All: less CO 2

7. A Lock in? Barriers? Sufficiency of passive measures? What if industry has less waste heat in future? A centralized cooling grid in combination with aquifers or sea water? Will there be efficient, smaller scale absorption coolers?