1. Jean-Francois Genat University of Chicago on behalf of Henry Frisch University of Chicago and A Design for Large-Area Fast Photo-Detectors with Transmission-Line readout and Waveform Sampling NPSS Real-Time Conference, Beijing, May 10-15th th 2009 1

2. 2 Argonne National Laboratories High Energy Physics Division John Anderson, Karen Byrum, Gary Drake, Edward May, Alexander Paramonov, Mayly Sanchez, Robert Stanek, Hendrik Weerts, Matthew Wettstein, Zikri Yusof Advanced Photon Source Division Bernhard Adams, Klaus Attenkofer Mathematics and Computer Sciences Division Zeke Insepov Energy Systems Division Jeffrey Elam, Joseph Libera Materials Science Division Michael Pellin, Igor Veryovkin, Hau Wang, Alexander Zinovev Arradiance Inc. David Beaulieu, Neal Sullivan, Ken Stenton Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago Mircea Bogdan, Henry Frisch, Jean-Francois Genat, Mary Heintz, Richard Northrop, Fukun Tang

3. NPSS Real-Time Conference, Beijing, May 10-15th th 2009 3 Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Erik Ramberg, Anatoly Ronzhin, Greg Sellberg University of Hawaii James Kennedy, Kurtis Nishimura, Marc Rosen, Larry Ruckman, Gary Varner Muons Inc. Robert Abrams, Valentin Ivanov, Thomas Roberts SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory Jerry Va’vra Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Oswald Siegmund, Anton Tremsin Synkera Technologies Inc. Dmitri Routkevitch University of Washington David Forbush, Tianchi Zhao

4. Goals Produce Photo-Detectors of square-meter scale and 10- picosecond timing resolution Micro-Channel Plate based Transmission-line readout read in two-dimensions with –Centroids –Pico-second two-ends timing Waveform Sampling and Digital Signal Processing ASIC Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 4

5. Applications Positron Emission Tomography Micro-Channel Plate based Scanners for Transportation Security High-Energy and Collider Physics detectors Astrophysics Nuclear physics Planar, thin devices Less volume and infrastructure compared to Photomultipliers Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 5

6. Example 4-Layer Micro-PET Sampling Calorimeter Wave-Form Sampling Electronics Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing From Henry Frisch 6

7. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anodes readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 7

8. Fast Timing and Imaging Photo-detectors Multi-anodes PMTs Si-PMTs MCPs Dynodes Quenched Geiger Micro-Pores QE 30% 90% 30% CE 90% 70% Rise-time 0.5-1ns 250ps60-200ps TTS (1PE) 150ps 75ps20-30ps Pixel size 2x2mm 2 50x50  m 2 1.5x1.5mm 2 Dark counts 1-10Hz 1-10MHz/pixel 1-10 kHz/cm 2 Dead time 5ns 100-500ns 1  s Magnetic field no yes 15kG Radiation hardness 1kRad=noisex10 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 8

9. Micro-Channel Plate Detectors (MCP) Basic principle Pore diameter 3-25  m Pore aspect ratio: 1:50 1 st gap pores in glass with secondary emitter layer 2d gap a few mm 200 V 1- 2kV 200 V Anodes (1.6 x 1.6mm 2 pixels) Photo-cathode vacuum 9 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing

10. MCP’s best performance (Timing) The fastest photo-detector to date From Photek Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 10 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing

11. MCP Best performance (Imaging) As an Imaging device… Wedge and Strip technique Coupling to PCB Position: 10  m resolution Time: 1ns From J. Lapington, for WSO, Uni. Leicester, UK Coupling to ASIC: 3  m From GLAST, Siegmund et al NIM 591 2008 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 11

12. MCP characteristics Quantum efficiency Photo-cathode, pores geometry, field Charge gain Pores properties, pores walls material, field Dark counts Photo-cathode, pores properties Rise time All dimensions Dead-time Bulk resistivity Lifetime Ions feedback Space resolution A few microns Time resolution Transit Time Spread 20-30ps Scales as 12 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing

13. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anodes readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 13

14. Novel MCP Devices Take advantage of progress in - Modern micro-electronics processes - Materials science - Nano-technologies Produce large area robust photo detectors - Excellent space and time resolutions - Low-cost in large volume as stacks of layers instead of assemblies Examples - High efficiency photo-cathodes based on nano-sciences - Anodization Aluminum Oxide(AAO), Glass technologies, - Fast waveform sampling integrated electronics Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 14

15. Three Problems Photo-cathodes - Materials science - Nano-technologies Collection and Amplification - First strike - Anodization Aluminum Oxide, Glasses, Aerogels - Secondary emitters Readout Electronics - Transmission lines - Fast sampling with deep-submicron CMOS technologies Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 15

16. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anodes readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 16

17. Photo-Cathodes Developments in the industry - High efficiency transmission photo-cathodes Recent developments by Hamamatsu: > 40% Large dimensions: - Nano-technologies Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 17

18. Characterization Engineer work-functions X-ray diffraction and photo-emission Evaluate QE, photo-electron energies and angular distribution Facilities available at Argonne National Labs Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 18

19. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anodes readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 19

20. Amplification in the pores Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing From A. Tremsin (SSL Berkeley) 20

21. Trajectories in the pores (simulation) Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing Channel straight Gain 14 : Crossing mode Channel tilted by 7.5 O Gain 143: Hopping mode 10 O Gain 3730: Well-defined hopping mode Optimize gain, transit time spread, ion feedback, saturation Z. Insepov (ANL) V. Ivanov (Muons Inc.) 21

22. Atomic Layer Deposition Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing - Use ALD to coat the pores surface with high secondary emission materials (diamond, oxides) J. Ellam, T. Prolier Argonne Nat. Labs Figure from N. Sullivan, Arradiance Inc. 22

23. Atomic Layer Deposition Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing - ALD can also process photo-cathodes, as a “reflection” geometry: funnel shaped pore entrance, where the Photo-cathode is deposited - No ion-feedback towards the Photo-cathode improves the life-time V. Ivanov (Muons Inc.) 23

24. Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) substrates Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing - Self organized substrates (not micro-machined) - Argonne National Labs (H.Wang) - Synkera (D. Routkevitch) 0.5 microns pores +possible funnel entrance achievable at large open area ratio 24

25. ZnO Substrates Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing SEM at ANL (J. Ellam) From Incom Inc. 25 ZnO nanocrystals

26. Glass Capillary Substrates Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing - Glass capillaries available from the industry with 20-40 microns channels at low cost From Incom Inc. Use of ALD for both Photo-cathode and amplification 26

27. Tests at the Advanced Photon Source (Argonne Nat. Labs) Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing MCP T-lines anodes Photo- cathode Laser 50  A femto-second Streak camera analyses the output pulse from the MCP 27 B. Adams, K. Attenkofer, M. Wetstein, Argonne Nat. Labs

28. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anodes readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 28

29. MCP for Timing: T-Line Readout Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing See F. Tang’s Talk at this Conference 29 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing Continuous T-lines as anodes in vacuum for devices to come

30. T-line readout T-line card with 32 lines reading a 2” x 2” 10-micron pores MCP from Photonis (thanks to P. Hink) 30 Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing

31. T-line in Vacuum 64 x 3 mm 8” 50  T-lines 31 From Rich Northrop (U of Chicago) Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing

32. A ‘frugal MCP’ sketch Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing Henry Frisch, Richard Northrop, U of Chicago 32

33. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anode readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 33

34. 2’ x 4’ Plates and Readout 96 T-lines at ¼” pitch Assume 16-channel readout chips 6 chips at each side Transverse resolution > 1.8 mm, any longitudinal >.5 mm 4’ 2’ FPGA Sampling chips Clock distribution Optical output Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing Ends plates with Sampling chips and control FPGA, optical serial interfaces 34

35. 10 microns pores MCP signals 80 signals superimposed Timing information present within ~ 2ns Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 35

36. Pulse Sampling 2 12 25 80 128 50 32 … Sampling period = 200 ps Timing, Charge Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 36

37. Simulation of the timing resolution with pulse sampling and waveform analysis Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 37

38. T-line position sensing using two-ends timing by sampling and waveform analysis Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing Measured position resolution along the line: < 200  m at 50 PEs < 150  m at 158 Pes See F. Tang’s talk at this Conference 38

39. Sampling ASIC - Sampling frequency - Analog bandwidth - Analog dynamic range - Depth - Readout frequency - Read/Write Switched capacitor array Switches control: Timing generator Analog input A/D converter Integration required For large area detectors Best technique: Pulse Sampling Well covered at this Conference: See: S. Ritt, G. Varner 39

40. Sampling ASIC IBM 130nm CMOS Process Delay generator: Fukun Tang UC Sampling cell and ADC: Herve Grabas UC Triggering discriminator: Dominique Breton Orsay Advises: Gary Varner, Stefan Ritt 40

41. Sampling cell (Herve Grabas) Store voltages on the gate of a small source follower MOSFET Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 41

42. - Fast photo-detectors - Micro-Channel Plates development - Photo-cathodes - Amplification - Anode readout - Readout Electronics - Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing OUTLINE 42

43. Conclusion Jean-Francois Genat, NPSS RT09 Conference, May 10-15 2009, Beijing 43 No show-stoppers, but many milestones on the road ! Some of the most challenging: - Improve Photo-cathodes QE - Improve aging - Functionalize ALD-coated glass substrates - Design anodes with adequate signal integrity properties - Design proper mechanical assemblies (vacuum feed-throughs) - Get sampling chips and readout assemblies - System aspects: HV, control FPGAs, calibration…