1. Warm Up Write down 5 times it would be beneficial for a gene to be ‘turned off’ and the protein not be expressed 1

2. Control of Prokaryotic Gene Expression Prokaryotic regulation is different from eukaryotic regulation. Prokaryotic gene regulation tends to be negative. Meaning that the gene is usually activated unless some regulator inhibits it or deactivates it. Eukaryotic gene regulation is usually positive. Meaning that the gene is usually deactivated unless a regulator activates it or turns it “on”.

3. 1.Eukaryotic cells have many more genes (i.e. 23,000 in human cells) in their genomes than prokaryotic cells (i.e. average 3000). 2.Physically there are more obstacles to regulate eukaryotic genes because there is so much more DNA to manage. For example, eukaryotic chromatin is wrapped around histone proteins. 3.In addition there are other nonhistone proteins that are used in eukaryotic gene expression that are not used in prokaryotic gene expression. 3

4. Prokaryotic Regulation of Genes Regulating Biochemical Pathway for Tryptophan Synthesis. 1.Produce something that will interfere with the function of the enzyme in the pathway. 2. Produce a gene regulator that can inhibit the transcription of one biochemical pathway enzymes. 4

5. Operon and Prokaryotic Gene Expression Operon- A group of prokaryotic genes with a related function that are often grouped and transcribed together. In addition, the operon has only one promoter region for the entire operon. 5

6. Operon and Prokaryotic Gene Expression An operon is composed of the following: Structural genes- genes that are related and used in a biochemical pathway. Promoter-The nucleotide sequence that can bind with RNA polymerase to start transcription. This sequence also contains the operator region. Operator-The nucleotide sequence that can bind with repressor protein to inhibit transcription. 6

7. Regulator Genes and Repressors Regulator gene- This gene produces a protein called a repressor that can inhibit the transcription of an operon by attaching to the operator. 7

8. Interaction of Modulators and Repressors Repressors have allosteric properties. Modulators can bind to the repressor at an allosteric site changing the conformation of the repressor, thereby activating or deactivating the repressor. Usually the modulator is a product of the biochemical pathway. 8

9. Lactose and the Inducible lac Operon The lac operon is an example of an inducible operon. 9 Negative Gene Regulation 1. Inducible operon- the lac operon. This operon has the ability to convert lactose into glucose and galactose. This involves three structural genes

10. Animation of the lac Operon and Presence of Lactose 10

11. Absence of Lactose and the lac Operon If no lactose is present, the repressor protein is active, binding to the operator site. This prohibits the RNA polymerase from transcribing the operon. 11

12. 12 Animation of the lac Operon and Absence of Lactose

13. Synthesis of Tryptophan and the Repressible trp Operon 13 -The purpose of the trp operon is to synthesize the amino acid tryptophan when needed. -Unlike inducible operons, repressible operons are “on” unless the presence of something actively turns them “off” – represses them to make them inactive.

14. Animation of the trp Operon and Absence of Tryptophan 14

15. 15 Tryptophan Present and the Repressible trp Operon

16. 16 Animation of the trp Operon and Presence of Tryptophan

17. Lac and trp Operons-Examples of Negative Gene Regulation The lac and typ operons are example of negative gene regulation as the repressor protein inhibits transcription of the operons. 17

18. Example of Positive Gene Regulation 18

19. Both Lactose and Glucose Present Lactose present, glucose present (cAMP level low), little lac mRNA synthesized 19