1. GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, etc….  Describe the political situation in the Czech Republic before 1989. Czech Republic before 1989.  What is the situation now?  Speak about the main political parties.  What do you know about V.Havel and V.Klaus ? What about Zeman? V.Havel and V.Klaus ? What about Zeman?  Speak about politics in the USA + GB ?  What is your opinion about the European Union? Why? European Union? Why?

2. GOVERNMENT, POLITICS, AND ALL THAT…. Executive The executive branch is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state. The executive branch is the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state.governmentauthorityresponsibilitystategovernmentauthorityresponsibilitystateJudiciary The judiciary (also known as the judicial system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of thestate. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case. This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law. It usually consists of a court of final appeal (called the "Supreme court" or "Constitutional court"), together with lower courts. The judiciary (also known as the judicial system) is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of thestate. The judiciary also provides a mechanism for the resolution of disputes. Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the judiciary generally does not make law (that is, in a plenary fashion, which is the responsibility of the legislature) or enforce law (which is the responsibility of the executive), but rather interprets law and applies it to the facts of each case. This branch of the state is often tasked with ensuring equal justice under law. It usually consists of a court of final appeal (called the "Supreme court" or "Constitutional court"), together with lower courts.courtslawstateresolution of disputesseparation of powersequal justice under lawSupreme courtConstitutional courtcourtslawstateresolution of disputesseparation of powersequal justice under lawSupreme courtConstitutional court Source: Wikipedia

3. Legislature A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws.The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise or lower taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills. Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings. A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend, and repeal laws.The law created by a legislature is called legislation or statutory law. In addition to enacting laws, legislatures usually have exclusive authority to raise or lower taxes and adopt the budget and other money bills. Legislatures are known by many names, the most common being parliament and congress, although these terms also have more specific meanings.deliberative assemblylawslegislationstatutory lawenactingtaxesbudgetmoney billsparliamentcongressdeliberative assemblylawslegislationstatutory lawenactingtaxesbudgetmoney billsparliamentcongress  In parliamentary systems of government, the legislature is formally supreme and appoints a member from its house as the prime minister which acts as the executive. parliamentary systemsgovernmentexecutiveparliamentary systemsgovernmentexecutive  In a presidential system, according to the separation of powers doctrine, the legislature is considered an independent and coequal branch of government along with both the judiciary and the executive. presidential systemseparation of powersjudiciarypresidential systemseparation of powersjudiciary  The primary components of a legislature are one or more chambers or houses: assemblies that can debate and vote upon bills. A legislature with only one house is called unicameral. A bicameral legislature possesses two separate chambers, usually described as an upper house and a lower house, which often differ in duties, powers, and the methods used for the selection of members. chambersdebatevotebillsunicameralbicameralchambersdebatevotebillsunicameralbicameral  In most parliamentary systems, the lower house is the more powerful house while the upper house is merely a chamber of advice or review. However, in presidential systems, the powers of the two houses are often similar or reduce In federations, it is typical for the upper house to represent the component states; the same applies to the supranational legislature of the European Union. For this purpose, the upper house may either contain the delegates of state governments, as is the case in the European Union and in Germany and was the case in the United States before 1913, or be elected according to a formula that grants equal representation to states with smaller populations, as is the case in Australia and the modern United States. federationsEuropean UnionGermanyUnited StatesAustraliafederationsEuropean UnionGermanyUnited StatesAustralia  Because members of legislatures usually sit together in a specific room to deliberate, seats in that room may be assigned exclusively to members of the legislature. In parliamentary language, the term seat is sometimes used to mean that someone is a member of a legislature. For example, saying that a legislature has 100 "seats" means that there are 100 members of the legislature, and saying that someone is "contesting a seat" means they are trying to get elected as a member of the legislature. By extension, the term seat is often used in less formal contexts to refer to an electoral district itself, as for example in the phrases "safe seat" and "marginal seat". safe seatmarginal seatsafe seatmarginal seat

4. Politics of the United Kingdom  The United Kingdom is governed within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government. Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, on behalf of and by the consent of the Monarch, as well as by the devolved governments ofScotland and Wales, and the Executive of Northern Ireland. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of theParliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords, as well as in the Scottish parliamentand Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The highest national court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. constitutional monarchyMonarchhead of statePrime Minister of the United Kingdomhead of governmentExecutive powerHer Majesty's GovernmentdevolvedScotlandWalesNorthern IrelandLegislative powerParliament of the United KingdomHouse of CommonsHouse of LordsScottish parliamentWelshNorthern Ireland assembliesjudiciarySupreme Court of the United Kingdomconstitutional monarchyMonarchhead of statePrime Minister of the United Kingdomhead of governmentExecutive powerHer Majesty's GovernmentdevolvedScotlandWalesNorthern IrelandLegislative powerParliament of the United KingdomHouse of CommonsHouse of LordsScottish parliamentWelshNorthern Ireland assembliesjudiciarySupreme Court of the United Kingdom  The UK political system is a multi-party system. Since the 1920s, the two largest political parties have been theConservative Party and the Labour Party. Before the Labour Party rose in British politics the Liberal Party was the other major political party along with the Conservatives. Though coalition and minority governments have been an occasional feature of parliamentary politics, the first-past-the-post electoral system used for general elections tends to maintain the dominance of these two parties, though each has in the past century relied upon a third party to deliver a working majority in Parliament. multi-party systemConservative PartyLabour PartyLiberal Partycoalitionminority governmentsfirst-past-the-postgeneral electionsmulti-party systemConservative PartyLabour PartyLiberal Partycoalitionminority governmentsfirst-past-the-postgeneral elections  The constitution of the United Kingdom is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions, statutes and other elements. This system of government, known as the Westminster system, has been adopted by other countries as well, such as Australia (significantly modified with a supreme, codified constitution as well as a federalist senate adopted from the US Congress), Bangladesh, Canada, Kenya, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore, and countries that made up large and significant parts of the British Empire. constitution of the United Kingdomconstitutional conventionsstatutesWestminster systemAustraliaconstitutionfederalistsenateUS CongressBangladeshCanadaKenyaIndiaJamaicaMalaysiaNew ZealandSingaporeBritish Empireconstitution of the United Kingdomconstitutional conventionsstatutesWestminster systemAustraliaconstitutionfederalistsenateUS CongressBangladeshCanadaKenyaIndiaJamaicaMalaysiaNew ZealandSingaporeBritish Empire

5. Politics of the United States  The United States is a federal constitutional republic, in which the President of the United States (the head of state and head of government), Congress, and judiciary share powers reserved to the national government, and the federal governmentshares sovereignty with the state governments. constitutional republicPresident of the United Stateshead of statehead of governmentCongressjudiciarypowersfederal governmentsovereigntystateconstitutional republicPresident of the United Stateshead of statehead of governmentCongressjudiciarypowersfederal governmentsovereigntystate  The executive branch is headed by the President and is independent of the legislature. Legislative power is vested in the two chambers of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The judicial branch (or judiciary), composed of theSupreme Court and lower federal courts, exercises judicial power (or judiciary). The judiciary's function is to interpret theUnited States Constitution and federal laws and regulations. This includes resolving disputes between the executive and legislative branches. The federal government's layout is explained in the Constitution. Two political parties, the Democratic Party and the Republican Party, have dominated American politics since the American Civil War, although other parties have also existed. executive branchSenateHouse of RepresentativesSupreme Courtjudicial powerUnited States Constitutionfederal lawspolitical partiesDemocratic PartyRepublican PartyAmerican Civil Warother partiesexecutive branchSenateHouse of RepresentativesSupreme Courtjudicial powerUnited States Constitutionfederal lawspolitical partiesDemocratic PartyRepublican PartyAmerican Civil Warother parties  There are major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies. These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature, a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court, theseparation of powers between the legislature and the executive, and the dominance of only two main parties. Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other developed country democracies. democraciesSupreme Courtseparation of powersdemocraciesSupreme Courtseparation of powers  The federal entity created by the U.S. Constitution is the dominant feature of the American governmental system. However, most people are also subject to a state government, and all are subject to various units of local government. The latter include counties, municipalities, and special districts. state  This multiplicity of jurisdictions reflects the country's history. The federal government was created by the states, which ascolonies were established separately and governed themselves independently of the others. Units of local government were created by the colonies to efficiently carry out various state functions. As the country expanded, it admitted new states modeled on the existing ones. colonies

6. Politics of the Czech Republic Politically, the Czech Republic is a multi-party parliamentary representative democratic republic. According to the Constitution of the Czech Republic, the President is the head of state while the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising supreme executive power. The Legislature is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) and the Senate (Senát). Politically, the Czech Republic is a multi-party parliamentary representative democratic republic. According to the Constitution of the Czech Republic, the President is the head of state while the Prime Minister is the head of government, exercising supreme executive power. The Legislature is bicameral, with the Chamber of Deputies (Poslanecká sněmovna) and the Senate (Senát).parliamentaryrepresentative democraticConstitution of the Czech RepublicPresidenthead of statePrime Ministerhead of governmentexecutive powerbicameralChamber of DeputiesSenateparliamentaryrepresentative democraticConstitution of the Czech RepublicPresidenthead of statePrime Ministerhead of governmentexecutive powerbicameralChamber of DeputiesSenate Political developments  The Czech political scene supports a broad spectrum of parties ranging from Communist Party on the far left to various nationalistic parties on the far right. Generally, the (liberal) right beyond the specific case of huge and conservative Civic Democratic Party is splintered and has failed in several attempts to unite. CzechpartiesCommunist PartynationalisticCivic Democratic PartyCzechpartiesCommunist PartynationalisticCivic Democratic Party  As the system in Czech repeatedly produces very weak governments (a specific problem is that about 15% of the electorate support the Communists, who are shunned by all the other parties) there is constant talk about changing it but without much chance of really pushing the reform through. For more information see : wikipedia (INTERNET) REÁLIE anglicky mluvících zemí (FRAUS) REÁLIE anglicky mluvících zemí (FRAUS)