1. What are the three major sources of research funding?

2. Your research can depend on…  Where you do it:Research university Small college Industry Research institute Government  Who funds it:Federal government State government Private foundation Industry

3. How do you get research funding?  Grant proposal  Study section: scientific merit  Program officer and institution determine “payline” and priorities

4. Federal research funding 2008 Research Budget (billions) AgencyBasicApplied National Institutes of Health1612 National Science Foundation3.70.4 Dept. of Defense1.65.5 Dept. of Energy3.23.1 NASA2.21.2 Dept. of Agriculture0.821.0 EPA0.091.2 Homeland Security0.130.57 http://www.aaas.org/spp/rd/upd1207tb.htm#tb2

5. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 NIHNSFDODDOENASAUSDAEPAHS applied basic 2005 2008 applied basic Federal research funding

7. Some trends in NIH funding  More funding for large-scale initiatives  More large grants  More funding for translational research  Less direct funding of for-profit companies ($2.1 billion in 2006, $440 million in 2008)  More targeted research  Reduced success rates  Grants less likely to be funded on first submission 19952005 Total R01 budget4.3M 10.3M (  140%) Number of grants5600 6300 (  12.5%) Success rate25.2%22.2% (↓12%) Avg. size212K 359K (  69%)

8.  What methods were used in this study?  What were the results?  What do you think are the implications?

9. Public or Private? Basic or Applied? HIV drugs All the first-generation AIDS drugs came from “curiosity-based” research on DNA polymerase, not from targeted AIDS research BUT, when we failed to quickly find a vaccine or cure, targeted AIDS money contributed to a basic understanding of the virus Human genome project $10 billion in public funds for 10-year project Celera Genomics completed the genome in 3 years for $300 M

10. How do you think federal research money should be spent?

11. Who should decide how federal research money is spent?