1. Understanding Software Technology Transfer Noor Mahammad Chervu nmc008@latech.edu nmc008@latech.edu

2. What do we mean by “Technology” ? Method or technique Method or technique Tool Tool Procedure Procedure Paradigm Paradigm Technology Technology

3. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROCESS TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROCESS TECHNOLOGY CREATION TECHNOLOGY CREATION TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION: PRELIMINARY TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION: PRELIMINARY TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION: ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY PACKAGING AND SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY PACKAGING AND SUPPORT TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION TECHNOLOGY DIFFUSION

4. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS Adoption Rate Adoption Rate Finding the right audience Finding the right audience Roles, risk and the activities of technology transfer Roles, risk and the activities of technology transfer Successful technology transfer in a given organization Successful technology transfer in a given organization

5. Adoption rate Time to get from idea to “the point it can be popularized and disseminated to the technical community at large” Time to get from idea to “the point it can be popularized and disseminated to the technical community at large” Worst case:20 years Worst case:20 years Best case: 15 years Best case: 15 years Mean: 17.5 years Mean: 17.5 years

6. Finding the right audience Potential users NOT = population of software developers Potential users NOT = population of software developers Distinction between Technology “consumer” and “producer” Distinction between Technology “consumer” and “producer” Recognized role of the “gatekeeper” Recognized role of the “gatekeeper”

7. Roles, risk and the activities of technology transfer A people-mover model A people-mover model A communication model A communication model An on-the-shelf model An on-the-shelf model A vendor model A vendor model A rule model A rule model

8. Adopter category Level of risk Adoption model Innovators Very high People-mover model Early adopters High Communication model Early majority Moderate On-the-shelf model Late majority Low Vendor model Laggards Very low Rule model Relationships among adopters, risk, and likely transfer model

9. Successful technology transfer in a given organization Successful technology transfer in a given organization Zelkowitz(1995) conducted a small study within and Zelkowitz(1995) conducted a small study within and outside of NASA outside of NASA Top transferred technologies ( Zelkowitz 1995)

10. The Technology Transfer Process

11. Technology creation What the problem can it solve? What the problem can it solve? Will it work properly? Will it work properly? Will it replace/expand enhance an existing technology? Will it replace/expand enhance an existing technology? Will it fit easily in the existing development or maintenance process, without great disruption to established and effecitive activities? Will it fit easily in the existing development or maintenance process, without great disruption to established and effecitive activities? Is it easy to understand? Is it easy to understand? Is it easy to learn? Is it easy to learn? Is it easy to use? Is it easy to use? Is it cost-effective? Is it cost-effective?

12. Technology evaluation: preliminary The nature of evidence The nature of evidence The questions addressed by the evidence The questions addressed by the evidence The state of the evidence The state of the evidence Technology evaluation: advanced

13. Technology packaging and support Are there effective tools, documentation and training aids to assist learning and using the technology Are there effective tools, documentation and training aids to assist learning and using the technology Is there institutional support? Is there institutional support? Is there cognitive dissonance with existing techniques? That is user already knows one technique, does that prevent him or her from learning the new one? Is there cognitive dissonance with existing techniques? That is user already knows one technique, does that prevent him or her from learning the new one? Has the technique been commercialized and marketed? Has the technique been commercialized and marketed? Is the technology used outside the group that developed it? Is the technology used outside the group that developed it?

14. Technology diffusion Transfer of technology to a wider audience Transfer of technology to a wider audience Five Aspects of Diffusion Five Aspects of Diffusion Knowledge Knowledge Persuasion Persuasion Decision Decision Implementation Implementation Confirmation (leading to adoption or rejection) Confirmation (leading to adoption or rejection)

15. Conclusion

16. Queries

17. Thank you