1. Chapter 21 Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

2. Defenses
Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system
Protection

3. Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels
Arteries, capillaries, and veins
Heart
Atria and ventricles
Casing and wall are prone to infection
Provides tissues with oxygen and nutrients
Carries away carbon dioxide and waste products

4. The heart pumps blood to and from all regions of the body.
Fig The heart

5. Lymphatic system Lymph vessels Lymph nodes
Parallel the blood vessels
Lymph nodes
Collects and filters impurities and infectious agents
Returns fluids to the cardiovascular system
Major source of immune cells and fluids

6. The cardiovascular system covers most the body, as does the lymphatic system.
Fig The anatomy of the cardiovascular system.

7. Protection Cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Normal flora

8. Leukocytes Granulocytes Agranulocytes Basophils Eosinophils
Neutraphils
Agranulocytes
Lymphatics
T cells
B cells
Monocytes
Macrophages

9. Normal flora
Absent
Closed system
Transiently present

10. Diseases
Types
Cardiovascular
Lymphatic

11. Types Endocarditis Septicemia Plague Tularemia
Infectious mononucleosis
Lyme disease

12. Types continued Hemorrhagic fever Nonhemorrhagic fever Malaria Anthrax
HIV
Leukemia

13. Endocarditis Bacterial infection
Inflammation of the endocardium (inner lining of the heart)
Patients with prosthetic valves are at risk
Acute – large blood stream challenge
Subacute – damage to heart valves

14. Features of endocarditis.
Checkpoint 20.1 Endocarditis

15. Septicemia Bacterial infection Fungal infection
Organisms actively multiply in the blood (septic)

16. Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Septicemia, Bacteremia, and Toxemia
Septicemia
Any microbial infection of the blood that produces illness
Bacteremia
Bacterial septicemia that is often harmless
Toxemia
Release of bacterial toxins into the blood
Lymphangitis
Infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels
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17. Figure 21.3 Petechiae, a sign of bacteremia

18. Features of septicemia.
Checkpoint 20.2 Septicemia

19. Plague Bacterial infection Pneumonic Bubonic
Respiratory
Bubonic
Enters lymph
Septicemic plague can result from pneumonic and bubonic plague

20. Bubonic plague can cause inflammation of the nodes called bubo.
Fig A classic inguinal bubo of bubonic plague.

21. Yersinia pestis has a unique “safety pin” appearance, and is the causative agent of plague.
Fig Yersinia pestis

22. The infection cycle of the bacterium Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague.
Fig The infection cycle of Yersinia pestis.

23. Features of plague.
Checkpoint 20.3 Plague

24. Tularemia Bacterial infection Zoonotic Affects lymph nodes and lungs
Intracellular infection
macrophages

25. Features of tularemia.
Checkpoint 20.4 Tularemia

26. Infectious mononucleosis
Mostly a viral infection
Epstein-Barr virus
Cytomegalovirus
Bacterial infection
Viral latency
Infects B and T cells

27. Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Infectious Mononucleosis
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Transmission occurs via saliva
EBV infects B lymphocytes
Majority of adults have antibodies against EBV
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosed by presence of large, lobed B lymphocytes and neutropenia
Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms
Prevention is difficult since EBV occurrence is widespread
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28. Lymphocytes in the lymphatic and cardiovascular systems can be infected by the Epstein-Barr virus.
Fig Evidence of Epstein-Barr infection in the blood
Smear of a patient with infectious mononucleosis.

29. Features of infectious mononucleosis.
Checkpoint 20.5 Infectious Mononucleosis.

30. Lyme disease Bacterial infection Erythema migrans (bull’s eye lesion)
Second stage of infection affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems, severe arthritis

31. The characteristic bull’s eye lesion associated with Lyme disease.
Fig Lesions of Lyme disease on the lower leg.

32. Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, is morphologically different from other pathogenic spirochetes.
Fig Spirochetes

33. Figure 21.8 Borrelia burgdorferi
Red blood cell

34. In the Northeast, the cycle of Lyme disease is a complex 2 –year cycle that involves two principle hosts.
Fig The cycle of Lyme disease in the northeastern U.S.

35. Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Lyme Disease
Epidemiology
One of the most reported vector-borne diseases in U.S.
Two events contributed to an increase in Lyme disease
Movement of human populations into woodland areas
Protection of the deer population
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36. Figure 21.10 The occurrence of Lyme disease in the United States-overview

37. Features of Lyme disease.
Checkpoint 20.6 Lyme Disease

38. Hemorrhagic fever Viral infection Capillary fragility
Yellow fever
Dengue fever
Ebola and Marburg
Lassa fever
Capillary fragility
Disrupts blood clotting system

39. Viral Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
African Viral Hemorrhagic Fever
Signs and symptoms
Fever and fatigue
Minor petechiae progress to severe internal hemorrhaging
Pathogens and virulence factors
Caused by Ebolavirus or Marburgvirus
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Occurs primarily in Africa
Transmitted via contact with bodily fluids of infected individual
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40. Figure 21.17 Filamentous Ebolavirus

41. Figure 21.18 Sites in which locally acquired cases of Marburg and Ebola viruses have occurred

42. Features of hemorrhagic fever.
Checkpoint 20.7 Hemorrhagic fevers

43. Nonhemorrhagic fever Bacterial infection Infects phagocytic cells
Brucellosis
Q fever
Cat-scratch disease
Trench fever
Ehrlichioses
Rocky Mountain Spotted fever
Infects phagocytic cells

44. Bacterial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Brucellosis
Signs and symptoms
Fluctuating fever that spikes every afternoon
Pathogen and virulence factors
Caused by Brucella melitensis strains
Endotoxin causes some of the signs and symptoms
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Consumption of contaminated dairy products
Contact with animal blood, urine, or placentas
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Usually requires no treatment
Attenuated vaccine exists for animals
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45. A classic symptom of brucellosis is the undulating fever or fluctuating body temperature.
Fig The temperature cycle in classic brucellosis.

46. Endosporulation of Coxiella burnetii contributes toward the transmission and development of Q fever.
Fig The agent of Q fever.

47. A primary nodule due to cat-scratch disease can form, which further lead to pus formation and lymph node swelling.
Fig Cat-scratch disease

48. Rocky Mountain spotted fever occurs throughout the U. S
Rocky Mountain spotted fever occurs throughout the U.S., and the number of cases the past few years have been increasing.
Fig Trends in infection for Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

49. An example of late generalized rash of Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Fig Late generalized rash of Rocky Mountain
Spotted fever.

50. Features of nonhemorrhagic fever diseases.
Checkpoint 20.8 Nonhemorrhagic fever diseases.

51. Malaria Protozoan infection Rupturing of red blood cells
Falciparum malaria- most common virulent type
Cerebral malaria-obstruction of small blood vessels in the brain
Rupturing of red blood cells
Relapses can occur

52. Development of malaria consist of an asexual phase (carried out in the human) and a sexual phase (carried out in the mosquito).
Fig The life and transmission of Plasmodium

53. Initial infection of rbc by Plasmodium is marked by a ring trophozoite.
Fig The ring trophozoite stage in a Plasmodium

54. Prevention efforts for malaria involve the use of bed nets to prevent mosquito infestation.
Fig A public demonstration of impregnating
Bed nets with insecticide.

55. Features of malaria.
Checkpoint 20.9 Malaria

56. Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Toxoplasmosis
Signs and symptoms
Majority of cases have no symptoms
Symptoms in individuals with poor immunity
Fever, malaise, inflammation of the lungs, liver, and heart
Symptoms in the fetus
Stillbirth, epilepsy, mental retardation
Pathogen and virulence factors
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent
Cats are the definitive host
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57. Protozoan and Helminthic Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Toxoplasmosis
Pathogenesis and epidemiology
Consumed in undercooked meat containing the parasite
Transmission across the placenta can also occur
Specific mechanism of disease is not yet known
Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention
Diagnosed mainly by detecting organisms in tissues
Treatment needed only in AIDS patients, pregnant women, and newborns
Prevention is difficult because T.gondii has numerous hosts
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58. Anthrax Bacterial infection Zoonotic
Skin, lungs and CNS can be infected
Tripartite Toxin (three proteins)
Edema factor
Protective antigen
Lethal factor

59. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, has a unique endospore and a streptobacillus cell arrangement.
Fig Bacillus anthracis

60. Features of anthrax.
Checkpoint Anthrax

61. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Viral infection
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Infects helper T cells (CD4 receptor)
Latency
Therapy

62. There are four main stages of an HIV infection.
Fig Dynamics of virus antigen, antibody, and T cells
In circulation.

63. AIDS is a cluster of symptoms associated with the initial infection of HIV.
Table 20.A AIDS-defining illnesses

64. HIV have specific glycoprotein receptors that bind to CD4 receptors of T cells.
Fig The general structure of HIV.

65. HIV infects, undergoes latency, and eventually replicates and lyses the host T cell.
Fig The general multiplication cycle of HIV.

66. Primary sources and possible routes of infection by HIV.
Fig Primary sources and suggested routes of
Infection by HIV.

67. HIV/AIDS is a serious infectious disease that is prevalent throughout the world.
Table 20.1 Regional HIV/AIDS statistics and features

68. New HIV infections based on gender, risk group, and race.
Fig New HIV infections each year in the U.S.

69. Nucleoside analogs, protease inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors are effective therapies used to treat HIV infections.
Fig Mechanisms of action of anti-HIV drugs.

70. Features of HIV infections and AIDS.
Checkpoint HIV infections and AIDS

71. Leukemia Virus infection Anemia Platelet deficiency
T-cell
Hairy-cell
Anemia
Platelet deficiency
Complications - tumors

72. Features of Adult T-cell leukemia and Hairy-cell leukemia.
Checkpoint Adult T-cell leukemia and hairy cell
Leukemia.

73. Summary of the diseases of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems.
Taxonomic organization of microorganisms

74. Infectious Diseases Affecting the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems.
Fig. 20.p648