1. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) THE MUSCULAR AND SKELETAL SYSTEMS WITHIN SPORT

2. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) Vertebra RADIUS ULNA FIBULA TIBIA FEMUR Ilium HUMERUS Sternum Cranium

3. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) Joint ActionDescriptionExample From Sport FlexionBending a limb at the joint.? ExtensionStraightening a limb at a joint. ? AbductionMovement of a limb sideways away from the centre of the body. ? AdductionMovement of a limb sideways towards the centre of the body. ? RotationCircular movement around the joint. ? Using SMB’s start to build lists of examples in sport where you have observed each of the joint actions. PREP FOR EQ*

4. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) The role of the muscular system in bringing about movement… All sports performers need to be able to move. Movement is possible through the use of muscles, but only skeletal muscles bring about movement. In order to bring about movement, our muscles contract – they can only pull, not push. They are attached to bones at both ends. One end is fixed and cannot move, so as the muscle contracts, the fixed end (the origin) pulls on the other end of the muscle, which is attached to a different bone. Because this end of the muscle can move (the insertion), it and the bone(s) it is attached to will be pulled towards the other end of the muscle and the bone that is attached to.

5. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION ISOTONIC CONTRACTION Muscular contractions which result in no visible movement. Muscular contractions which result in visible movement.

6. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1.DEMAND FOR ENERGY FOR MUSCULAR WORK 2.CO2 PRODUCTION 3.TEMPERATURE 4.LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION DURING ANAEROBIC WORK (ENERGY CONVERSTION) 5.MUSCLE FATIGUE INCREASED EFFECTS OF REGULAR TRAINING 1.STRENGTH OF LIGAMENTS 2.STRENGTH OF TENDONS 3.STRENGTH OF SKELETAL MUSCLE 4.SIZE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (HYPERTROPHY) 5.INCREASED MITOCHONDRIA (SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION) 6.INCREASED MYOGLOBIN (O2 STORE IN MUSCLES) INCREASED

7. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) IMMEDIATE EFFECTS 1.DEMAND FOR ENERGY FOR MUSCULAR WORK – This can be glucose and O2 during aerobic respiration. 2.CO2 PRODUCTION – Because a waste product of respiration in the muscles is CO2. The greater the intensity your muscles work at, the more CO2 is produced. 3.TEMPERATURE – Muscular contractions and movement create heat. 4.LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION DURING ANAEROBIC WORK (ENERGY CONVERSTION) – Is an unwanted by product when we exercise in the absence of O2 and causes fatigue/stiffness. 5.MUSCLE FATIGUE – Due to our muscles don’t receiving enough O2 and running out of glycogen. Also levels of lactic acid and CO2 build up in the body. INCREASED

8. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) EFFECTS OF REGULAR TRAINING 1.STRENGTH OF LIGAMENTS – Ligaments are connective tissues which connect bone to bone. 2.STRENGTH OF TENDONS – Tendons are flexible tissues that connect muscles to bones. 3.STRENGTH OF SKELETAL MUSCLE – Muscles attached to the skeleton that causes movement. 4.SIZE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE (HYPERTROPHY) – The increased size of muscle fibres as they repair larger after progressive overload training. 5.INCREASED MITOCHONDRIA (SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION) – Mitochondria are cells that float around in our muscles and break down nutrients (such as glucose from carbohydrates) to create energy. 6.INCREASED MYOGLOBIN (O2 STORE IN MUSCLES) – Myoglobin is found in our muscles and has O2 attached to it which it releases as we exercise. INCREASED

9. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) 14. Link the different roles of the skeletal system to sporting performance. 3 Marks _________________________________________________________________

10. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) SHAPE AND SUPPORT Gives the body its shape and supports us in an upright position. E.g. Allows a goalkeeper to reach for a high cross. PROTECTS Stops vital organs from getting damaged. E.g. the ribs protect the heart. MOVEMENT Allows movement through the use of joints and muscular attachments. E.g. The tricep pulling on the humerus allows us to punch in boxing.

11. KEY QUESTION - How do I apply my knowledge of the muscular and skeletal systems to pick up marks for multiple choice, short answer and extended questions? SUCCESS CRITERIA – F (30%) E (40%) D (50%) C (61%) B (68%) A (74%) A* (80%) Effects of regular training on the skeletal system… Our body is smart and will always make adaptions as we exercise more regularly. 1.Increased bone density Bone Density = Is the amount of mineral matter (some bones are full and thick = strong / some are less full and more hollow = weak) within a bone. 2.Increased strength of bones which reduces the risk of osteoporosis Osteoporosis = Is a disease of the bone which can lead to increased fractures of the skeletal systems (bones will break easier!).