1. The Atmosphere Chapter 11 1.Atmosphere BasicsAtmosphere Basics Section 1

2. Atmosphere Basics – 11.1 http://eob.gsfc.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages Learning Goals I.Describe the composition of the atmosphere II. Compare and contrast the various layers of the atmosphere III. Identify three methods of transferring energy throughout the atmosphere

3. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen

4. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen B.Variable gases: Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and ozone make up 1%

5. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen B.Variable gases: Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and ozone make up 1%

6. A. Permanent Gases ______________ but how has that changed? Early atmosphere was He, H 2, CH 4, NH 3

7. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen; early atmosphere He, H 2, CH 4, NH 3 B.Variable gases: Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and ozone make up 1% 1. Water vapor varies from almost 0% to 4% 2. CO 2 makes up 0.038% of atmosphere – has increased over the last 150 years a. Water vapor and CO 2 affect the temperature of the Earth b. Tomorrow you will tell me how water vapor in the air can affect the air’s temperature by experimenting.

8. CO 2 Levels and Temperature Change

9. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen; early atmosphere He, H 2, CH 4, NH 3 B.Variable gases: Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and ozone make up 1% 1.Water vapor varies from almost 0% to 4% 2.CO 2 makes up 0.038% of atmosphere – has increased over the last 150 years a.Water vapor and CO 2 affect the temperature of the Earth b.Tomorrow you will tell me how water vapor affects the temperature of air 3.Ozone is O 3 – add 1 oxygen atom to O 2 ; minimum concentration in the spring 1. Blocks harmful Ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth

11. I.Atmospheric composition A.Permanent gases: 99% nitrogen and oxygen; early atmosphere He, H 2, CH 4, NH 3 B.Variable gases: Argon, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, water, and ozone make up 1% 1.Water vapor varies from almost 0% to 4% 2.CO 2 makes up 0.038% of atmosphere – has increased over the last 150 years a.Water vapor and CO 2 affect the temperature of the Earth b.Tomorrow you will tell me how water vapor affects the temperature of air 3.Ozone is O 3 – add 1 oxygen atom to O 2 ; minimum concentration in the spring a. Blocks harmful Ultraviolet rays from reaching Earth C.Particles – dust, salt, ice and bacteria and viruses

12. “Atmospheric Composition” – Your answers are due at the end of class. Write in complete sentences and be thorough. 1. What does this graph show?

13. 2. As Carbon dioxide levels have increased, what has happened to the Earth’s temperature ?

14. 3. At what altitude is the ozone layer the thickest? Which type of UV ray is the most plentiful on the Earth’s surface?

15. II. Layers of the Atmosphere

17. A.Troposphere

18. II. Layers of the Atmosphere A.Troposphere 1.Closest to Earth. 2.Weather and pollution occur here. 3.Temp. decreases as altitude increases. 4.Ends at about 16 km at tropics, 9 km near poles.

19. II. Layers of the Atmosphere B.Stratosphere

20. II. Layers of the Atmosphere B.Stratosphere 1.Composed mostly of ozone. 2.Is warmed by solar radiation. The higher the altitude, the warmer.

21. II. Layers of the Atmosphere C.Mesosphere

22. II. Layers of the Atmosphere C.Mesosphere 1.No ozone. 2.This layer gets cooler as you ascend.

23. II. Layers of the Atmosphere D.Thermosphere

24. II. Layers of the Atmosphere D.Thermosphere 1.Temperature more than 1000º C. 2.There are very few air particles here. 3.Includes ions in a region called the ionosphere.

25. II. Layers of the Atmosphere D.Thermosphere 1.Temperature more than 1000º C. 2.There are very few air particles here. 3.Includes ions in a region called the ionosphere.

26. II. Layers of the Atmosphere E.Exosphere

27. II. Layers of the Atmosphere E.Exosphere 1.Light gases found here (hydrogen and helium). 2.Gradually transitions into space.

28. III. Energy Transfer

29. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) III. Energy Transfer

31. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) 1.Not all this energy stays on Earth. III. Energy Transfer

33. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) 1.Not all this energy stays on Earth. 2.Radiation heats ________ objects faster. III. Energy Transfer

34. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) 1.Not all this energy stays on Earth. 2.Radiation heats dark objects faster. 3.Radiation heats water ______ than land. III. Energy Transfer

35. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) 1.Not all this energy stays on Earth. 2.Radiation heats dark objects faster. 3.Radiation heats water slower than land. 4.Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves. III. Energy Transfer

36. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) 1.Not all this energy stays on Earth. 2.Radiation heats dark objects faster. 3.Radiation heats water slower than land. 4.Hot things emit shorter wavelengths of radiation. Cooler things emit longer waves. 5.When solar radiation hits surface of the Earth, the wavelength becomes longer. III. Energy Transfer

39. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) B.Conduction – transferring energy by contact. III. Energy Transfer

40. B.Conduction – transferring energy by contact. 1.Warm particles collide with cooler particles. III. Energy Transfer

41. B.Conduction – transferring energy by contact. 1.Warm particles collide with cooler particles. 2.This really only heats air near surface. III. Energy Transfer

43. A.Radiation – transferring energy through space by way of light (visible, UV, etc.) B.Conduction – transferring energy by contact. C.Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. III. Energy Transfer

44. C.Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. 1.Warm particles have lower density and rise. III. Energy Transfer

45. C.Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. 1.Warm particles have lower density and rise. 2.Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall. III. Energy Transfer

46. C.Convection – transferring energy by flow of heated substance. 1.Warm particles have lower density and rise. 2.Warm particles cool, which causes them to fall. 3.This motion creates convection currents. III. Energy Transfer

50. The End