1. Pointers and References

2. Pointers & Memory 0x000x040x080x0B0x100x140x180x1B0x20

3. 5 int x = 5; x 0x000x040x080x0B0x100x140x180x1B0x20 Pointers & Memory

4. 5 int x = 5; int* y = &x xy 0x04 0x000x040x080x0B0x100x140x180x1B0x20

5. Pointers & Memory 5 int x = 5; int* y = &x int* z = y; xy 0x04 z 0x000x040x080x0B0x100x140x180x1B0x20

6. Pointers & Memory 0 int x = 5; int* y = &x int* z = y; *z = 0; xy 0x04 z 0x000x040x080x0B0x100x140x180x1B0x20

7. Allocating memory using new Point *p = new Point(5, 5); new can be thought of a function with slightly strange syntax new allocates space to hold the object. new calls the object’s constructor. new returns a pointer to that object.

8. Deallocating memory using delete // allocate memory Point *p = new Point(5, 5);... // free the memory delete p; For every call to new, there must be exactly one call to delete.

9. Using new with arrays int x = 10; int* nums1 = new int[10]; // ok int* nums2 = new int[x]; // ok Initializes an array of 10 integers on the heap. C++ equivalent of the following C code int* nums = (int*)malloc(x * sizeof(int));

10. Using delete on arrays // allocate memory int* nums1 = new int[10]; int* nums3 = new int[x][4][5];... // free the memory delete[] nums1; delete[] nums3; Have to use delete[].

11. Destructors delete calls the object’s destructor. delete frees space occupied by the object. A destructor cleans up after the object. Releases resources such as memory.

12. Destructors – an Example class Segment { public: Segment(); virtual ~Segment(); private: Point *m_p0, *m_p1; };

13. Destructors – an Example Segment::Segment() { m_p0 = new Point(0, 0); m_p1 = new Point(1, 1); } Segment::~Segment() { if (m_p0) delete m_p0; if (m_p1) delete m_p1; }

14. Syntactic Sugar “ -> ” Point *p = new Point(5, 5); // Access a member function: (*p).move(10, 10); // Or more simply: p->move(10, 10);

15. Stack vs. Heap On the Heap / Dynamic allocation On the Stack / Automatic allocation Point *p = new Point(); Point *ps = new Point[n]; Point p; Point ps[10]; What happens when p goes out of scope?

16. Dynamic Memory S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

17. Dynamic Memory S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 int* T = new int[2*n];

18. Dynamic Memory S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 for (i = 0; i < n; i++) T[i] = S[i];

19. Dynamic Memory S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 delete[] S;

20. Dynamic Memory S T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S = T;

21. Passing by value void Math::square(int i) { i = i*i; } int main() { int i = 5; Math::square(i); cout << i << endl; }

22. Passing by reference void Math::square(int &i) { i = i*i; } int main() { int i = 5; Math::square(i); cout << i << endl; }

23. What is a reference? An alias – another name for an object. int x = 5; int &y = x; // y is a // reference to x y = 10;

24. Introducing: const void Math::printSquare(const int &i){ i = i*i; cout << i << endl; } int main() { int i = 5; Math::printSquare(i); Math::printCube(i); } Won’t compile.

25. Can also pass pointers to const void Math::printSquare(const int *pi) { *pi = (*pi) * (*pi); cout << pi << endl; } int main() { int i = 5; Math::printSquare(&i); Math::printCube(&i); } Still won’t compile.

26. Declaring things const const River nile; const River* nilePc; River* const nileCp; const River* const nileCpc

27. Read pointer declarations right to left // A const River const River nile; // A pointer to a const River const River* nilePc; // A const pointer to a River River* const nileCp; // A const pointer to a const River const River* const nileCpc

28. Exercises 1.Create a class called Point with two private data members, a public print function, and constructors as well as a destructor that prints a message when it is called. 2.Create an array of 10 Points on the stack, initialize them with non- zero data, and print them. Verify that that the destructor is called for all 10 points when your program exits. 3.Create an array of 10 Points on the heap, initialize them with non- zero data, and print them. Do not delete the array and verify the destructor is not called (you have created a memory leak). Now write your program to delete the array at the end. Verify that only one destructor is called and your program crashes (you have created a memory leak and a bug). Now write your program to delete[] the array at the end. Verify that all destructors are called.