2. Arrays float Scores[9]; 55.559.047.039.050.560.059.040.0? index: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 element // one dimensional array 2

3. Two Dimensional Arrays float allScores[5][9]; row index 0123401234 column index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 3

4. Accessing Array Elements float allScores[5][9]; 3.53.9 3.2 3.0 row index 0123401234 column index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 allScores[0][0] allScores[4][8] allScores[0][8] allScores[2][5] 4

5. Accessing Array Elements float allScores[5][9]; // Each array element is // the same as a variable cin >> allScores[0][0]; allScores[0][0] += 5.0; cout << allScores[0][0]; 5

6. For Loop and 2-D Arrays float allScores[5][9]; // Input values to 1 st row // Row index of 1 st row: 0 // Column index: 0 to 8 (size – 1) for (int col = 0; col < 9; col ++) cin >> allScores[0][col]; 6

7. For Loop and 2-D Arrays const int MAX_ROWS = 10; const int MAX_COLS = 35; float allScores[MAX_ROWS][MAX_COLS]; // Input values to the last column // Column index of last column: 34 (MAX_COLS – 1) // Row index: from 0 to 9 (MAX_ROWS – 1) for (int row = 0; row < MAX_ROWS; row ++) cin >> allScores[row][MAX_COLS - 1]; 7

8. For Loop and 2-D Arrays const int MAX_ROWS = 10; const int MAX_COLS = 35; float allScores[MAX_ROWS][MAX_COLS]; // Input values to the entire 2-D array for (int row = 0; row < MAX_ROWS; row ++) for (int col = 0; col < MAX_COLS; col ++) cin >> allScores[row][col]; 8

9. For Loop and 2-D Arrays const int MAX_ROWS = 10; const int MAX_COLS = 35; float allScores[MAX_ROWS][MAX_COLS]; int numRows, numCols; cout << “Enter No. of rows and No. of cols: ”; cin >> numRows >> numCols; if ( numRows <= MAX_ROWS && numCols <= MAX_COLS ) for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row ++) for (int col = 0; col < numCols; col ++) cin >> allScores[row][col]; 9

10. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //---------------------------------------------- // The function inputs values to all array // elements within the first numRows rows and // the first numCols columns. // Parameters: (Out, In, In) //---------------------------------------------- void GetData(float a[][MAX_COLS], int numRows, int numCols) { for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row ++) for (int col = 0; col < numCols; col ++) cin >> a[row][col]; return; } // Have to specify MAX_COLS! // float a[][MAX_COLS] 10

11. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //---------------------------------------------------- // The function inputs values for numRows and numCols, // then inputs values to all array elements within // the first numRows rows and the first numCols // columns. // Parameters: (Out, Out, Out) //---------------------------------------------------- void GetAllData(float a[][MAX_COLS], int& numRows,int& numCols) { cin >> numRows >> numCols; for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row ++) for (int col = 0; col < numCols; col ++) cin >> a[row][col]; return; } 11

12. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //---------------------------------------------------- // The function has 3 parameters: // a[][MAX_COLS]: 2-D array of float // colIndex, numRows: int // The function computes and returns the average // value of the column at index colIndex. // Params: ( ?, ?, ? ) //---------------------------------------------------- float ColumnAvg( ) { } 12

13. Two Dimensional Arrays numRows - 1 colIndex float ColumnAvg( ); 13

14. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //---------------------------------------------------- // The function has 3 parameters: // a[][MAX_COLS]: 2-D array of float // colIndex, numRows: int // The function computes and returns the average // value of the column at index colIndex. // Params: ( In, In, In ) //---------------------------------------------------- float ColumnAvg(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int colIndex, int numRows) { float total = 0; for (int row = 0; row < numRows; row ++) total += a[row][colIndex]; return (total / numRows); } 14

15. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //------------------------------------------------- // The function has 3 parameters: // a[][MAX_COLS]: 2-D array of float // numCols, rowIndex: int // The function finds and returns the column index // of row at index rowIndex that has the max // value among all elements of row rowIndex. // Params: ( ?, ?, ? ) //------------------------------------------------- int IndexOfRowMax( ) { } 15

16. Two Dimensional Arrays rowIndex numCols - 1 int IndexOfRowMax(); 16 numRows - 1

17. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters //---------------------------------------------------- // The function has 3 parameters: // a[][MAX_COLS]: 2-D array of float // numCols, rowIndex: int // The function finds and returns the column index // of row at index rowIndex that has the max // value among all elements of the row. // Params: ( In, In, In ) //---------------------------------------------------- int IndexOfRowMax(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int rowIndex, int numCols) { int index = 0; for (int col = 1; col < numCols; col ++) if (a[rowIndex][col] > a[rowIndex][index]) index = col; return index; } 17

18. Function Prototypes void GetData(float a[][MAX_COLS], int numRows, int numCols); void GetAllData(float a[][MAX_COLS], int& numRows, int& numCols); float ColumnAvg(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int colIndex, int numRows); int IndexOfRowMax(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int rowIndex, int numCols); // Must specify column MAX_SIZE! 18

19. Two Dimensional Arrays as Function Parameters const int MAX_ROWS = 10; const int MAX_COLS = 35; int main() { float allScores[MAX_ROWS][MAX_COLS]; int rows, cols; // Input sizes in main() function. cin >> rows >> cols; // Call function GetData(). GetData(allScores, rows, cols); // No [] for allScores as an acutual parameter!... return; } 19

20. Call Functions int main() { float allScores[MAX_COLS][MAX_ROWS]; int rows, cols, row, col, index; float average; GetAllData(allScores, rows, cols); cout << "Enter column index: "; cin >> col; average = ColumnAvg(allScores, col, rows); cout << "The average value of column " << col << " is " << average; cout << "Enter row index: "; cin >> row; index = IndexOfRowMax(allScores, row, cols); cout << "The largest value of row " << row << " is " << allScores[row][index]; // << allScores[row][IndexOfColMax(allScores, row, cols)]; return 0; } // Array actual parameters should use name only! 20

21. Function Prototypes and Function Calls // Function prototypes void GetAllData(float a[][MAX_COLS], int& numRows, int& numCols); float ColumnAvg(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int colIndex, int numRows); int IndexOfRowMax(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int rowIndex, int numCols); // Function calls GetAllData(allScores, rows, cols); average = ColumnAvg(allScores, col, rows); index = IndexOfRowMax(allScores, row, cols); 21

22. Array and typedef float Scores[9]; // an array variable typedef float arrayType[9]; // a (new) data type // a nick name for array of // 9 float elements 22

23. 2-D Array and typedef typedef float arrayType[9]; arrayType Scores; // Array of float with 9 elements arrayType allScores[10]; // Array of arrays // 2-D array // Same as // float allScores[10][9]; 23

24. Array of array float allScores[5][9]; allScores[0]allScores[1]allScores[2]allScores[3]allScores[4] base address: 70007036707271087144 float ColumnAvg(const float a[][MAX_COLS], int colIndex, int numRows) // Must specify MAX_COLS to know the base address of // other rows: allScores[1], allScores[2], etc.

25. 2-D Array as Function Parameter const int MAX_COLS = 9; typedef float arrayType[MAX_COLS]; float RowAverage(const arrayType nums[], int rowIndex, int numCols); // nums[] is an array // Data Type of array elements: arrayType // an array of MAX_COLS floats float RowAverage(const float nums[][MAX_COLS], int rowIndex, int numCols); // Must specify MAX_COLS! // Must specify data type of array elements! float RowAverage(const float a[], int numCols); // Pass one row of the array as a parameter! // For example: average = RowAverage(allScores[2], 5); 25

26. Summary 2 dimensional array: a table access one element access one row access one column 2 dimensional array: array of arrays typedef and 2-D array 2-D array as function parameters pass the whole array: must include MAX_COLS pass one row: treat it as a one dimensional array

27. Activation Record There is one activation record for each function call. An activation record contains: Local variables of the function called Return address Parameters for the function called Locals Return Address Parameters

28. Activation Record Example int main() { int num1 = 5, num2 = 9, x = 10; Final(num1, num2, x + num2); return 0; } 28 // Parameters; (,, ) void Final(int& x, int& y, int z) { int temp; temp = z / x; z = 2 * temp - 5; x += z; y = z - x; return; } num1: 5 num2: 9 X : 10 x : &num1 (num1) y : &num2 (num2) z : 19 temp: Return Address 1 6 3 -5 ? ? InInOut ? Out Activation Record for Final function

29. Error Types Compiler / syntax errors – will not compile Runtime errors – terminates with an error while running: array out of boundary variable used before assigned a value-... Logic errors – runs and might not produce an error while running, but produces wrong answer Fails to terminate – endless looping