1. MRS. STOFFL 9/1/15 CITIES EXPAND AND CHANGE

2. URBANIZATION When the # of cities and people living in them, dramatically increase Advantages of cities: Factory jobs Easy to get to via railroad (East Coast, Mid-West, West Coast) Open shops to the growing populations White and blue collar jobs available Availability of education Entertainment!

3. WOMEN IN THE CITIES Factory work House boarders Domestic servants Piecework Teachers Secretaries Typists

4. IMMIGRANTS ORGANIZE BY NATIONALITY By 1900 40% of city population was foreign born People from the same countries lived, worked, together

5. RURAL-TO-URBAN MIGRANTS Mvm’t from farms into cities – VERY different work Rigid schedules, no breaks Paid cash wages Entertainment and excitement of city life

6. TECHNOLOGY IMPROVES CITY LIFE Water, sewage, transportation, schools, safety all a concern for city dwellers Electric trolleys and subways Building codes Skyscrapers 10+ story buildings w/ steel frames Made possible by Elisha Otis’ safety elevator Central heating systems

7. ELECTRICITY POWERS URBAN TRANSIT Richmond, VA (1888): Street cars powered by electric cables Mass Transit – public systems that could carry large numbers of people relatively cheaply Electric much more reliable, cleaner and faster to operate However, cables could get in the way (of fire trucks) or be in the way (rush hour traffic) ∴ we find the origination of the underground subway (Boston in 1897, NYC in 1904)

8. FREDERICK LAW OLMSTEAD Designed Fairmount Park in Philadelphia NYC Central Park Why??

9. TENEMENT LIVING VS. SETTLEMENT HOUSES

10. HEALTH RISKS OF TENEMENT LIVING Fire Unsanitary water Trash everywhere Sewage and drainage ineffective

11. TWO CITIES IN ONE Wealthy Neighborhood Police Services Fire Services Sewer Systems Garbage Pickup Good Schools Paved Roads Streetcars Suburbs Poor Neighborhood Corrupt Police (if they even care) Spotty Fire Patrols Trash in Streets (Roaming Animals) Poor Schools Dirt Roads Unclean Water Crime Gangs