1. Chapter 2: Basic Data Structures

2. Spring 2003CS 3152 Basic Data Structures Stacks Queues Vectors, Linked Lists Trees Priority Queues and Heaps Dictionaries and Hash Tables

3. Spring 2003CS 3153 Abstract Data Types (ADTs) An abstract data type (ADT) is an abstraction of a data structure An ADT specifies: Data stored Operations on the data Error conditions associated with operations Attempting the execution of an operation of ADT may sometimes cause an error condition, called an exception Exceptions are said to be “thrown” by an operation that cannot be executed

4. Spring 2003CS 3154 Example: The Stack ADT The Stack ADT stores arbitrary objects Insertions and deletions follow the last-in first-out scheme Think of a spring-loaded plate dispenser Main stack operations: push(object): inserts an element object pop(): removes and returns the last inserted element Auxiliary stack operations: object top(): returns the last inserted element without removing it integer size(): returns the number of elements stored boolean isEmpty(): indicates whether no elements are stored

5. Spring 2003CS 3155 Stack Exceptions In the Stack ADT, operations pop and top cannot be performed if the stack is empty Attempting the execution of pop or top on an empty stack throws an EmptyStackException

6. Spring 2003CS 3156 Performance and Limitations Performance Let n be the number of elements in the stack The space used is O(n) Each operation runs in time O(1) Limitations The maximum size of the stack must be defined a priori and cannot be changed Trying to push a new element into a full stack causes an implementation-specific exception

7. Spring 2003CS 3157 Growable Array-based Stack In a push operation, when the array is full, instead of throwing an exception, we can replace the array with a larger one How large should the new array be? incremental strategy: increase the size by a constant c doubling strategy: double the size Algorithm push(o) if t = S.length  1 then A  new array of size … for i  0 to t do A[i]  S[i] S  A t  t + 1 S[t]  o Cost O(n) per op Cost O(1) per op

8. Spring 2003CS 3158 The Queue ADT The Queue ADT stores arbitrary objects Insertions and deletions follow the first-in first-out scheme Insertions are at the rear of the queue and removals are at the front of the queue Main queue operations: enqueue(object): inserts an element at the end of the queue object dequeue(): removes and returns the element at the front of the queue Auxiliary queue operations: object front(): returns the element at the front without removing it integer size(): returns the number of elements stored boolean isEmpty(): indicates whether no elements are stored Exceptions Attempting the execution of dequeue or front on an empty queue throws an EmptyQueueException All ops cost O(1)

9. Spring 2003CS 3159 Applications of Queues Direct applications Waiting lists, bureaucracy Access to shared resources (e.g., printer) Multiprogramming Indirect applications Auxiliary data structure for algorithms Component of other data structures

10. Spring 2003CS 31510 Array-based Queue Use an array of size N in a circular fashion Two variables keep track of the front and rear f index of the front element r index immediately past the rear element Array location r is kept empty Q 012rf normal configuration Q 012fr wrapped-around configuration

11. Spring 2003CS 31511 Growable Array-based Queue In an enqueue operation, when the array is full, instead of throwing an exception, we can replace the array with a larger one Similar to what we did for an array-based stack The enqueue operation has amortized running time O(n) with the incremental strategy O(1) with the doubling strategy

12. Spring 2003CS 31512 The Vector ADT The Vector ADT extends the notion of array by storing a sequence of arbitrary objects An element can be accessed, inserted or removed by specifying its rank (number of elements preceding it) An exception is thrown if an incorrect rank is specified (e.g., a negative rank) Main vector operations: object elemAtRank(integer r): returns the element at rank r without removing it object replaceAtRank(integer r, object o): replace the element at rank with o and return the old element insertAtRank(integer r, object o): insert a new element o to have rank r object removeAtRank(integer r): removes and returns the element at rank r Additional operations size() and isEmpty()

13. Spring 2003CS 31513 Applications of Vectors Direct applications Sorted collection of objects (elementary database) Indirect applications Auxiliary data structure for algorithms Component of other data structures

14. Spring 2003CS 31514 Array-based Vector Use an array V of size N A variable n keeps track of the size of the vector (number of elements stored) Operation elemAtRank ( r ) is implemented in O(1) time by returning V[r] V 012n r

15. Spring 2003CS 31515 Insertion In operation insertAtRank ( r, o ), we need to make room for the new element by shifting forward the n  r elements V[r], …, V[n  1] In the worst case ( r  0 ), this takes O(n) time V 012n r V 012n r V 012n o r

16. Spring 2003CS 31516 Deletion In operation removeAtRank ( r ), we need to fill the hole left by the removed element by shifting backward the n  r  1 elements V[r  1], …, V[n  1] In the worst case ( r  0 ), this takes O(n) time V 012n r V 012n o r V 012n r

17. Spring 2003CS 31517 Performance In the array based implementation of a Vector The space used by the data structure is O(n) size, isEmpty, elemAtRank and replaceAtRank run in O(1) time insertAtRank and removeAtRank run in O(n) time If we use the array in a circular fashion, insertAtRank(0) and removeAtRank(0) run in O(1) time In an insertAtRank operation, when the array is full, instead of throwing an exception, we can replace the array with a larger one

18. Spring 2003CS 31518 Singly Linked List A singly linked list is a concrete data structure consisting of a sequence of nodes Each node stores element link to the next node next elem node ABCD 

19. Spring 2003CS 31519 Position ADT The Position ADT models the notion of place within a data structure where a single object is stored It gives a unified view of diverse ways of storing data, such as a cell of an array a node of a linked list Just one method: object element(): returns the element stored at the position

20. Spring 2003CS 31520 List ADT The List ADT models a sequence of positions storing arbitrary objects It establishes a before/after relation between positions Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Query methods: isFirst(p), isLast(p) Accessor methods: first(), last() before(p), after(p) Update methods: replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q) insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o) remove(p)

21. Spring 2003CS 31521 Doubly Linked List A doubly linked list provides a natural implementation of the List ADT Nodes implement Position and store: element link to the previous node link to the next node Special trailer and header nodes prevnext elem trailer header nodes/positions elements node

22. Spring 2003CS 31522 Insertion We visualize operation insertAfter(p, X), which returns position q ABXC ABC p ABC p X q pq

23. Spring 2003CS 31523 Deletion We visualize remove(p), where p = last() ABCD p ABC D p ABC

24. Spring 2003CS 31524 Performance In the implementation of the List ADT by means of a doubly linked list The space used by a list with n elements is O(n) The space used by each position of the list is O(1) All the operations of the List ADT run in O(1) time Operation element() of the Position ADT runs in O(1) time

25. Spring 2003CS 31525 Sequence ADT The Sequence ADT is the union of the Vector and List ADTs Elements accessed by Rank, or Position Generic methods: size(), isEmpty() Vector-based methods: elemAtRank(r), replaceAtRank(r, o), insertAtRank(r, o), removeAtRank(r) List-based methods: first(), last(), before(p), after(p), replaceElement(p, o), swapElements(p, q), insertBefore(p, o), insertAfter(p, o), insertFirst(o), insertLast(o), remove(p) Bridge methods: atRank(r), rankOf(p)

26. Spring 2003CS 31526 Applications of Sequences The Sequence ADT is a basic, general- purpose, data structure for storing an ordered collection of elements Direct applications: Generic replacement for stack, queue, vector, or list small database (e.g., address book) Indirect applications: Building block of more complex data structures

27. Spring 2003CS 31527 Array-based Implementation We use a circular array storing positions A position object stores: Element Rank Indices f and l keep track of first and last positions 0123 positions elements S lf

28. Spring 2003CS 31528 Sequence Implementations OperationArrayList size, isEmpty 11 atRank, rankOf, elemAtRank 1n first, last, before, after 11 replaceElement, swapElements 11 replaceAtRank 1n insertAtRank, removeAtRank nn insertFirst, insertLast 11 insertAfter, insertBefore n1 remove n1

29. Spring 2003CS 31529 Iterators An iterator abstracts the process of scanning through a collection of elements Methods of the ObjectIterator ADT: object object() boolean hasNext() object nextObject() reset() Extends the concept of Position by adding a traversal capability Implementation with an array or singly linked list An iterator is typically associated with an another data structure We can augment the Stack, Queue, Vector, List and Sequence ADTs with method: ObjectIterator elements() Two notions of iterator: snapshot: freezes the contents of the data structure at a given time dynamic: follows changes to the data structure

30. Spring 2003CS 31530 Tree ADT We use positions to abstract nodes Generic methods: integer size() boolean isEmpty() objectIterator elements() positionIterator positions() Accessor methods: position root() position parent(p) positionIterator children(p) Query methods: boolean isInternal(p) boolean isExternal(p) boolean isRoot(p) Update methods: swapElements(p, q) object replaceElement(p, o) Additional update methods may be defined by data structures implementing the Tree ADT

31. Spring 2003CS 31531 Preorder Traversal A traversal visits the nodes of a tree in a systematic manner In a preorder traversal, a node is visited before its descendants Application: print a structured document Make Money Fast! 1. MotivationsReferences2. Methods 2.1 Stock Fraud 2.2 Ponzi Scheme 1.1 Greed1.2 Avidity 2.3 Bank Robbery 1 2 3 5 4 678 9 Algorithm preOrder(v) visit(v) for each child w of v preorder (w)

32. Spring 2003CS 31532 Postorder Traversal In a postorder traversal, a node is visited after its descendants Application: compute space used by files in a directory and its subdirectories Algorithm postOrder(v) for each child w of v postOrder (w) visit(v) cs16/ homeworks/ todo.txt 1K programs/ DDR.java 10K Stocks.java 25K h1c.doc 3K h1nc.doc 2K Robot.java 20K 9 3 1 7 2 456 8

33. Spring 2003CS 31533 Binary Tree A binary tree is a tree with the following properties: Each internal node has two children The children of a node are an ordered pair We call the children of an internal node left child and right child Alternative recursive definition: a binary tree is either a tree consisting of a single node, or a tree whose root has an ordered pair of children, each of which is a binary tree Applications: arithmetic expressions decision processes searching A BC FG D E H I

34. Spring 2003CS 31534 Arithmetic Expression Tree Binary tree associated with an arithmetic expression internal nodes: operators external nodes: operands Example: arithmetic expression tree for the expression (2  ( a  1)  (3  b))    2 a1 3b

35. Spring 2003CS 31535 Properties of Binary Trees Notation n number of nodes e number of external nodes i number of internal nodes h height Properties: e  i  1 n  2e  1 h  i h  (n  1)  2 e  2 h h  log 2 e h  log 2 (n  1)  1

36. Spring 2003CS 31536 BinaryTree ADT The BinaryTree ADT extends the Tree ADT, i.e., it inherits all the methods of the Tree ADT Additional methods: position leftChild(p) position rightChild(p) position sibling(p) Update methods may be defined by data structures implementing the BinaryTree ADT

37. Spring 2003CS 31537 Euler Tour Traversal Generic traversal of a binary tree Includes as special cases the preorder, postorder and inorder traversals Walk around the tree and visit each node three times: on the left (preorder) from below (inorder) on the right (postorder)    2 51 32 L B R 

38. Spring 2003CS 31538  Data Structure for Trees A node is represented by an object storing Element Parent node Sequence of children nodes Node objects implement the Position ADT B D A CE F B  ADF  C  E

39. Spring 2003CS 31539 Data Structure for Binary Trees A node is represented by an object storing Element Parent node Left child node Right child node Node objects implement the Position ADT B D A CE   BADCE 