1. George H. Miley Kyu-Jung Kim, Tapan Patel, Bert Stunkard, Erik Ziehm NPRE, University of Illinois Urbana IL, 61801 USA Email: ghmiley@illinois.edu  Work done in support of LENUCO LLC 1

2.  Reactants creat compound nucleus with such low excitation energy that high energy radiation  (gamma’s, etc,) are not emitted.  Reaction product mainly in ground state  Main emissions are weak betas  Minimal radioactive products 2

3. 3  Our meaning of clusters  Evidence for Clusters  Both for thin films and for nano-particles  Used for both LENR and for Intense D-beam genersation for ICF (hot fusion)

4. 4  Pd thin film = 12 µm  Loading and unloading of D/H done by cyclically cathodizing and anodizing of Pd film  dislocation loop and cluster formation Pd PdO

5. 5 Binding Energy calculation – close to the binding energy between hydrogen and dislocations The magnetic moment of H 2 - cycled PdHx samples in the temperature range of 2  T < 70 K is significantly lower than MT for the original Pd/PdO. H:Pd = 10 -4

6. 6 Based on present power density results Assumes long run times and control achievable

7. 7  Pu 238 : 540 W/kg 3 kW = 5.6kg; 0.28L  LENR: 1kW/kg at 4 atm and room temperature (present data) 3kW = 3kg; 2.3 L nanoparticles Thus on a weight basis LENR units offer approximately same power, but uses somewhat larger volume. As discussed later, LENR has the potential to revolutionize many aspects of NASA’s operations Basis for power scaling

8. Reactor housing Thermoelectric generator FinMotorTurbo-fan Air Nano-particle FilterMesh H2H2 A Hydride Gas-Loaded Nanoparticle Electrode Cell A Hydride Gas-Loaded Nanoparticle Electrode Cell one concept for 1.5 kW units for distributed power. Could be scaled to higher power units with some thermal power handling modification. Alternately for some uses these could be combined in parallel or series for higher powers and for voltage-current matching. 8

9. Very marketable 100s of billions/year 3-yrs initial investment pay-back period Compact size (vs. other renewable: solar and wind) No greenhouse gas emission 24 hour operation combined 9

10. 10  Larger surface area particles  Lower input power needed  Larger “Excess Power”.

11. 11 Nano-particlesThin film Almost no clusters Pd vs.

12. 12 Particle TypeParticle Composition Type APd-Zr Type BPd-Zr-Ni (High Ni, Pd) Type CPd-Zr-Ni (High Ni, Low Pd) Particle composition

13. Particle Size < 53 μm69.4 % 53-150 μm26.1 % 150-300 μm2.5 % > 300 μm2.0 % 13

14. 14 Gas Loading System for Nanoparticle 2.2cm inner diameter 25cm 3 total volume D2 Gas To Vacuum Cold Trap Vacuum pump Insulation around chamber H2 Gas

15. 15

16. 16 Kinetic Measurement Using Our Gas Loading System to Illustrate Key Features. Kinetic Measurement Using Our Gas Loading System to Illustrate Key Features.  High purity (99.999%) D 2 gas at 4 atm, Room Temp, 23g nanoparticles Type A  Absorption: Exothermic chemical reaction  Desorption: Endothermic chemical reaction  Chemical reaction Energy = ∆H×MD 2  ∆H = 35,100J per mole of D 2

17. 17 Energy analysis of this 300 second Kinetic Measurement Shows “Excess Energy” production attributed to LENR. Absorption Exothermic energy from chemical reaction --- 690J Actual measured energy : 1479J – roughly double the possible chemical contribution. ( attributed to LENR reactions). Desorption Endothermic chemical Reaction – should show rapid temperature drop, but instead an increase is observed – LENRs produced by increased ion flow out of particle during desorption = “life after death” LENR (Nuclear) Power Density : ca. 1kW/kg at 4 atm., over short run 300 sec. time

18. 18 Extended kinetic experiment The Chemical contribution only occurs once : during initial pressurization. Thus longer Run demonstrates larger LENR energy vs. chemical: Here about 7X. Maximum Exothermic energy from chemical reactions --- 690J Actual measured energy -- 4769J Indicating ca. 4100J from LENR Over run time of several hours 23 gram Nanoparticle #1

19. 19

20. 3 way valve Compressor H2H2 H2H2 H2H2 H2H2 Heat release

21. 21

22. 22 Adiabatic Experiments: Positive regeneration effects. Pt Black baseline reference data * Outer chamber used #1: Initial pressurization #2: Pressurization w/out regeneration of particles #3: Pressurization with regeneration Pt black reference nanoparticles

23. 23 ADIABATIC EXPERIMENTS FOR COMPARISON OF NANOPARTICLES. Measured Output Energy for the Initial Temperature Increase Compared to Exothermic Energy from Chemical Reactions Run # Nano Particle Type Mass (grams) Delta T (Celsius) Total Energy (Peak) Total Energy density (J/g) Initial Temp. to Peak Temp. (sec) Peak Power Density (W/g) Chemical Energy (J) Measured Peak Energy minus Chemical Energy (J) Gain 1Type A2.231.55972.05441.8414.0031.5674.85897.21 12.0 2 Type A (same particles from run 1)1.94.95151.9679.9816.005.0064.6487.32 1.3 3Type A1.825.05768.01426.6710.0042.6761.24706.77 11.5 4Type B11.190.903588.88323.3295.003.40271.293317.59 12.2 5Type C6.484.902754.00430.3198.004.39170.762583.24 15.1 6 Type C (same particles from run 5)6.46.80220.5834.4776.000.45170.7649.82 0.3 7Type C3.227.10846.04264.3978.003.3985.38760.66 9.3

24. 24 SEM image of the nanoparticles A before (left) and after (right) deuterium gas loading experiment Illustration of nanoparticle run time issue: coagulation can occur

25. 25  Large increase in number of isotopes found in the metal electrodes after a run.  Concentrations much larger than possible due to impurities in cell.  Four regions (“peaks”) of mass number have higher concentrations.  Isotopes in elements show deviations from natural abundance.  Transmutation reactions can account for much of the excess power observed. Quantification of Isotopes by Combined SIMS & NAA

26. 26  Increase surface oxide layer thickness  Changes in composition  Embed particles in substrate  Control reactor temperature profile to avoid hot spots  Convert to plasma production of Nanoparticles on Ni mesh or foil

27. 27  Experimental results with cluster loaded materials for LENR power are very encouraging  Work concentrating on particle optimization and  on run time/control issues for a commercial unit  Vision and goal – distributed power units in wide use for co-generation.  Negotiating with several companies/labs for early demonstration units.

28. Comments From a Talk at GRC by Dennis M. Bushnell Chief Scientist NASA Langley Research Center

29. Over 2 decades with over 100 experiments worldwide ind icate LENR is real, much greater than Chemical, Transmutations, Minimal radiation Theories since ‘06 indicate is probably weak interactions/ beta decay, NOT “Fusion” The many Rossi demonstrations in ’11 suggest LENR may produce “useful” quantities of heat [up to 15KWs ?] ……. Watts-to-Kilowatts also produced in Piantelli and Patterson Experiments

30. Between Chemical and strong force Nuc Energy Densities with minimal radiation safety/ protection requirements/ issues, probably “inexpensive” Direct and potentially massively/ truly “game-changing” Applications across the board to NASA Mission Areas: - Science - Exploration - Aeronautics

31. Superb light weight power/ energy sources for space probes/ instruments and hoppers/ rovers, far less expensive than solar and better than radiologics for beyond Mars where solar does not “work” Reduced LEO and in space propulsion weights/ costs Solves EDL for large payloads to Mars via ingestion, heating and retro injection of atmospheric CO2

32.  Preliminary systems studies indicate LEO access rockets with Nuc Thermal Isp [ ~ 800 Seconds] sans the Nuc radiation protection weights/ safety issues  On Planet Nuc power/ Energy without usual Nuc Radiation protection/ safety issues  Potentially obviates order of 80% of the 1000 metric ton LEO up-mass for Humans Mars which i s in-space fuel, Propulsive mass from far outer re gion atmosphere or regolith  Source for energy beaming, energy to terraform Mars, Enables Active Space Radiation Protection

33. Allows direct control of wake vortices to obviate wa ke vortex hazard Super STOL performance via circulation/ flow control to increase runway productivity by a factor of 3 Overall, For Aero – far lower gross weights, higher speeds, lower noise, greater range, emissions solved, envelope-less/all weather superb ride quality flight, lower costs, greater safety

35. 35 Back row: Kyungshin Lee, Mikhail Finko, Brenden Yung Front row: Bert Stunkard, Joseph Bottini, Adi Patel Not pictured: Tapan Patel, Kyu-Jung Kim, George Miley

36.  For further information, discussion, contact  George H Miley  U of Illinois  217-3333772  ghmiley@illinois.edu 36