1. Chapter 7: Liberalism and the Cold War

2. Liberal Democracies vs Authoritarian Communism: Who benefited the most? End of WW 2, two dominant ideologies emerged. Both labeled ‘superpowers’ due to economic and military might Both achieved successes in very different ways WHICH SYSTEM WAS BEST?

3. Big Picture: What I Need To Learn: Since the end of WW2, two dominant ideologies emerged; democratic capitalism and dictatorial communism. The West and the communist Bloc both try to expand their influence world wide creating tension and leading us to question should nations impose their ideologies on others?

4. Defn: Cold war is war of ideology Characterizes period 1945 – 1991 increased tension between U.S.A. (& allies) & U.S.S.R. (& allies) Political, economical & ideological competition Increasing reliance on militarism over diplomacy Characterized by misunderstanding, mutual distrust.

5. Historical Background WW2 began in 1939 with invasion of Poland by Germany. In 1938, Germany signed a non – aggression pact with USSR Avoids 2 front war, can focus on France/Britain By 1941, Hitler invades USSR. Soviets join Allies against Germany.

6. The liberal response to post WW2 conflict The U.N. is created 1944-45 Liberal principles; rule of law, pseudo democracy, freedom Provide a forum for international discussion to maintain international peace and stability Correct the failures of League of Nations Creation of Security Council (10 non-permanent)  5 permanent members (China, Russia, U.S. France Britain) Each member has veto power (protect national interests) Provisions for direct military intervention during international crisis. (if all Big 5 agree)

7. The Failure of international cooperation – The Cold War Once W.W. 2 was over it became clear the alliance between the Soviet Union and the U.S.A. was over. The USSR had become powerful, and sought to expand its influence; the US wanted to protect its influence in the world by stopping the USSR. This caused tension that was called the Cold War. Almost all nations supported one side or the other.

8. The Cold War: 1945-91 Issues that created the Cold War: Who will control Europe? Dictatorial Communism or Democratic Capitalism? Stalin replaces Nazi’s in Eastern Europe America wanted to “contain” communism. The destructive power of nuclear bombs made a conventional war un-winnable. Both US & USSR looked for ways to increase their influence without causing nuclear war.

9. Causes of the Cold War: B.A.R.E. 1. Beliefs ideology 2. Aims Soviet goals conflict with West 3. Resentment about history Lack of trust over historical events 4. Events Yalta/Potsdam, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, Soviet SALAMI tactics, Czechoslovakia

10. Problems at Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) Stalin, Churchill, Roosevelt agree to divide Germany into 4 occupation zones. Seen as temporary. Free elections to be held in E. European nations U.N. established Poland to have communist and non- communist govt. Tension increasing between powers over liberal reforms within Soviet sphere of influence.

11. Problems at Potsdam Conference (July, 1945) New leadership in USA/Britain Truman takes hard line approach to Stalin and communism Disagreements over Poland (govt) German Reparation problem Soviets want, West resists (lessons of T. of Versailles)

12. S.A.L.A.M.I. Tactics of U.S.S.R. “Slice by slice” Stalin ensured E. European nations had communist governments; Albania 1945 Bulgaria 1945 Poland 1947 Hungary 1947 Romania 1945-47 Czechoslovakia 1948 E. Germany 1949

13. Events: 1946 - 48 Winston Churchill’s Fulton Missouri speech Antagonized USSR Coined term “Iron Curtain” describe E. Europe under Soviet control  Soviets claim speech is “declaration of war” by West

14. Events cont: Civil conflict in Greece 1947 West supplied arms & $ to help Greek nationalists defeat communist rivals Truman Doctrine 1947 U.S. policy of “containment” against Soviet expansion Marshall Plan ($$$$) U.S. plan to help nations rebuild to prevent crisis theory from leading to communist support

15. Marshall Plan: Economic Containment by the U.S. Truman knew he had to create economic stability in order to stop Stalin’s influence, prevent crisis theory Flood of U.S. machines, food and resources went to Europe to help rebuild. Soviets (and nations under their control) did not accept.

16. The first step of the cold war was to create spheres of influence. Europe became the first area of conflict. It was important to the U.S. to appear strong in Europe so other nations would resist Soviet occupation. The first test of U.S. resolve was Berlin.

17. Berlin Blockade 1948-49 Potsdam conference 1945 – Berlin to be temporarily divided into zones of occupation. Soviets blockade Allied zones to force them out. U.S. airlift supplies into Berlin Soviets forced to abandon blockade. Tensions increase. City of Berlin 1945 U.S. Brit Fr. Soviets

18. Korean War: 1948-53 Korea a Japanese colony before WW2. After Japan’s defeat, Korea divided into 2 at 38 th parallel. Soviet supported in North, U.S. supported in south. North Koreans invade south in attempt to unite Korea as communist nation.

19. Korean War U.S. goes to United Nations to ask for international support in driving N. Koreans back. Soviets are not at the meeting, can’t use veto. Korean war becomes a U.N. war led by U.S. This is part of Truman Doctrine of containment; make sure communism doesn’t take hold in Asia. Korean war ends when N. Korean troops withdraw from South. Korea remains divided at 38 th parallel. Both U.S. and USSR claim victory.

20. Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 U.S. has advantage over USSR; American nuclear missiles in Turkey can reach Moscow, Soviets can’t reach U.S. A socialist revolution in Cuba, off coast of Florida, provides an opportunity for Soviets.

21. Cuban Missile Crisis Americans try to overthrow Cuban government (secret operation called the Bay of Pigs). Plan fails, but prompts Cuban leader, Castro, to ask Soviets for help. Moscow agrees and begins to build nuclear missile sites in Cuba. U.S. begins brinkmanship- orders Soviets to stop or risk nuclear war. U.S. places quarantine around Cuba. Soviets argue this is violation of international law. U.S. makes presentation to U.N. to seek international support for blockade. Crisis is stopped when U.S. president Kennedy and Soviet leader Kruschev make a deal to withdraw missiles from Turkey and Cuba. Outcome of Cuba is that both U.S. and USSR realize how nuclear war would lead to MAD – mutually assured destruction and socialism now exists 100 miles of U.S. shores.

22. Consequences of Cold War Conflict World is divided into two camps: communists and capitalists. Nations begin to align with one superpower or the other. Billions in aid is given by both superpowers to expand their influence. Both superpowers support movements antagonistic to each other in their opponents ‘backyard’.

23. Examples of ‘meddling’ America Iraq Grenada Latin America Afghanistan Soviet Union Hungary Poland Vietnam North Korea