1. Anatomy & Physiology II
Fluid/Electrolyte Balance; Acid/Base Equilibrium
Dr. Tamara Smith
Adjunct Professor

2. Agenda
Welcome
Course Questions & Issues
Seminar discussion

3. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance

4. Fluids What are the three main fluid compartments of the body?
Which of these make up extracellular fluid?
The greatest amount of water is found in intracellular to right 

5. Water Adipose tissue =? Know each %.
What factors influence the percentage of water in the body?
Know each %.
Adipose tissue =?

6. Water Gain
What are the three sources of water for the body?

7. Water Loss List the four organs from which fluid loss occurs.
The Hidden Messages in Water [ILLUSTRATED] (Paperback)
by Masaru Emoto
Masaru Emoto (Author)

8. Book! The Hidden Messages in Water Masaru Emoto author
Original Methods: In his experiment Dr. Emoto used about fifty different water sources varying from glacial water in Japanese mountains to filtered water from a faucet.
Dr. Emoto attached different messages to each water sample and even had a Buddhist monk bless some of them. Some of the messages were: "Love and Gratitude," "Thank you," and "You make me sick." He included a variety of positive and negative thoughts.
He then froze the water samples on Petri dishes in a freezer at -4 degrees Fahrenheit for 3 hours.
His stated results showed a strong correlation between the message and the formation of the water crystals. Water samples with optimistic messages on them created "nice-looking" crystals and the ones with pessimistic messages created "ugly" crystals.

9. Water Loss
Why is the body unable to reduce its fluid output to zero no matter how dehydrated it is?

10. Electrolytes
What is the difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes?

11. Name the three most important negative ions.
Electrolytes are substances that break apart in water and can conduct an electrical current
Name the three most important negative ions.
Name three important positive ions.

12. Aldosterone
How does aldosterone influence water movement between the kidney tubules and the blood?

14. Water Movement
What is the role of capillary blood pressure in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

15. Water Movement
What is the role of plasma proteins in water movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid?

16. Urine Regulation Name the three hormones that regulate urine volume.
Where is each made and what is the specific effect each has on urine volume?

18. Fluid Disturbances Describe the common fluid imbalances. Dehydration
Overhydration
Edema

19. Acid-Base Equilibrium

20. Acids and Bases
What is an acid?
A base?

21. The pH Scale
What is the relationship between pH and the relative concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution?

22. Acid-Base Chemistry
What is the chemical reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?
What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

23. Acid-Base Chemistry
What is a buffer?

25. Acid-Base Chemistry
How does a buffer pair react if more hydrogen ions are added to the blood?

26. Acid-Base Chemistry
How does a buffer pair react if more hydroxide ions are added to the blood?

27. Acid-Base Chemistry
What changes occur in the blood as a result of buffering fixed acids?

28. Acid-Base Balance
Explain the respiratory mechanism of pH control.

29. Renal pH Control
Explain how the kidney uses NaH2PO4 to remove hydrogen ions from the blood.

30. Disturbances
Define acidosis and alkalosis.

31. Disturbances
Explain disturbances of the buffer pair.

32. Case Study: Justin Peaks
A mountain climber, Justin Peaks, spent several days camped at a very high altitude on a mountain. He noticed that he was breathing faster than normal and that he began to feel nervous, excitable, and his muscles were hyperactive. Suggest a reason for his symptoms.

33. Case Study: Justin Peaks
Justin felt ill and vomited several times. How would this affect his alkalosis?

34. Case Study: Justin Peaks
Because Justin didn’t feel well, he took several antacid tablets, which contained sodium bicarbonate. Was this a good idea? How would this affect his alkalosis?

35. Case Study: Justin Peaks
How would his body work to control his alkalosis and maintain homeostasis of the pH of his body fluids?

36. Thanks for attending!
See you in discussion!