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Chapter 21 The Height of Imperialism ( )

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1 Chapter 21 The Height of Imperialism (1800-1914)
World History Chapter 21 The Height of Imperialism ( )

2 Section 1 Colonial Rule in Southeast Asia

3 Define imperialism. The extension of a nation’s power over other lands

4 Why was the imperialism of the late 19th century called the “new imperialism”?
European nations now sought direct rule over new lands that have not been controlled before, notably Africa and Asia

5 Identify the key factors that contributed to the “new imperialism.”
Countries were seeking both new markets and new sources of raw materials Countries sought new land claims to gain advantage over their rivals Colonial claims were a source of national prestige Social Darwinism – nations believed themselves to be superior and it was their duty to seize these lands Believed they had the moral responsibility to spread Christianity, provide humanitarian aid, and to civilize primitive people

6 Define protectorate. Political unit that depends on another government for its protection

7 Define indirect rule. Colonial government in which local rulers are allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status

8 Define direct rule. Colonial government in which local elites are removed from power and replaced by a new set of officials brought from another country

9 How did the people around the world respond to the Western imperialistic actions on their lands?
Peasants often revolted against this colonial rule, but many of these movements would fail Resistance movements saw minimal success until the emergence of westernized intellectuals

10 Section 2 Empire Building in Africa

11 Between 1880 and 1900, which European powers competed for the lands of Africa?
Great Britain France Germany Belgium Italy Spain Portugal

12 Why were the powers of Europe interested in the lands of Africa?
As the slave trade decline, Europeans began to sell textiles and other manufactured goods for West African resources such as peanuts, timber, hides, and palm oil Encouraged by the growing trade, European governments began to push for a more permanent presence along the African coast

13 The British quickly set their sites on the canal:
What is the Suez Canal? Why was this waterway so desirable? Which European power would gain its control? This man-made waterway in Egypt connected the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea [which emptied into the Indian Ocean] This canal was viewed by many as a direct route to Asia [especially India] The British quickly set their sites on the canal: Firstly, they bought Egypt’s share in the canal Secondly, the British acquisition led to revolt, which the British quickly suppressed, Egypt would then become a British protectorate

14 Suez Canal

15 By 1914, nearly all of Africa was claimed by some European power, except two. Identify these countries. Liberia [which had been created as a homeland for freed slaves from the United States] Ethiopia

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17 What factors led to the rise of African Nationalism?
A new class of African leaders emerged in the 20th century, these were the first generation of Africans to be educated in the ideas of the West Many Africans resented foreign control of their lands by countries who “supposedly” embraced the concepts of democracy, equality, and political freedom Many resented that Africans were only provided minimal opportunities politically and economically; many worked in low-paying jobs Many Africans resented the segregated environment created by the Western powers

18 Section 3 British Rule in India

19 Define sepoy. Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company to protect the company’s interests in the region

20 Explain the Sepoy Rebellion (1857).
The growing Indian distrust of the British would in time lead to a revolt [Indians referred to it as the First War of Independence] The immediate cause of this conflict was the “alleged” issuing of bullets greased with cow and pig fat to the Indian troops, this violated the beliefs of both Hindus and Muslims The Indian revolt would spread quickly, but the British troops, along with still loyal Indian troops, would squash the rebellion As a result of the uprising the British Parliament transferred the powers of the East India Company directly to the British government

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23 Define viceroy. A governor who ruled as a representative of a monarch

24 How did British rule benefit India?
Brought rule and order to a society that had been badly divided by civil war Fair and efficient government Established a new school system [which only benefited the elite, 90% of the population remained illiterate] Railroad Telegraph system Postal system

25 How did British rule cost India?
Only a small number of Indians prospered economically Indian industry would suffer from the availability of British manufactured goods Peasants were often forced into paying high taxes Farmers were encouraged to grow cotton rather than food crops, which resulted in millions dying from starvation The best jobs were reserved for the British Indians were not considered equals to the British British often disrespected India’s cultural heritage

26 Identify the Indian National Congress (INC).
(1885) Group of Indians who did not demand immediate independence, but did call for a share in the governing process; in the end they hoped for the independence for all Indians Religious differences among the group [Hindus vs. Muslims] would prevent gains The Muslims would leave to form the Muslim League

27 Section 4 Nation Building in Latin America

28 What factor was typically the root of unrest in Latin America, often leading to revolution?
Much of the unrest was the result of those controlled much of the land and businesses [Creoles] were treated as second-class citizens

29 Outline the Mexican independence movement.
The independence movement began at the ground level with the natives and mestizos [people of European descent] As the movement began to grow the higher classes feared the popular revolutionary movement, so they united together to overthrow Spanish rule in order to preserve their own power [they would make Agustin de Iturbide their leader, who later make himself emperor, but later removed from power] (1821) Mexico declared its independence from Spain

30 Identify the significance of the actions of Jose de San Martin and Simon Bolivar.
Both of these men were revolutionaries of South America Both men worked to free South American nations from Spanish control

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32 How did the American “Monroe Doctrine” ensure the independence of these new Latin American nations?
Latin American nations were fearful that European powers would once again make moves to regain control of their lands The Monroe Doctrine, issued by the United States, warned against the future colonization of the Americas by the Europeans, as well as American response to such actions

33 What difficulties did Latin Americans face following their independence?
The wars for independence had resulted in a large loss of people, property, and livestock The new nations went to war with one another to settle border disputes Poor systems of communication and transportation made national unity difficult Latin American nations would become economically dependent on Western nations

34 Define caudillo. In post revolutionary Latin America, a strong leader who ruled chiefly by military force, usually with the support of the landed elite Most Latin American nations started with republican governments, but the lack of ruling experience opened the door for these cuadillos to take power Some of these leaders were modernizers [building roads, canals, ports, schools, etc.], while others were destructive

35 What impact would the “new imperialism” have on the nations of Latin America?
Latin American economies fell under the control of European powers Latin American nations would also serve as a source of raw materials and foodstuffs for the United States and other European nations [while they were forced to buy more expensive finished goods in return] Latin American countries would remain economic colonies of Western nations, even though they were no longer political colonies


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