1. 12. Identifying measures to remove barriers 20 min Chapter 6 Ivan Nygaard

2. How to identify measures to overcome barriers? The process of identifying measures Examples of measures Problem to solution trees Financial and non financial measures for RE Measures should be specific and SMART

3. Consultant Preparation of workshop Existing studies Economic analysis Consolidating results Assessing measures Assessing sets of measures Grouping measures for several technologies Workshop Barrier analysis Brainstorm Market mapping Root cause analysis Arranging the barriers Identifying measures Initial prioritizing of measures Creating sets of measures The process of capturing local knowledge and facilitating networking

4. Examples of measures/incentives Economic Incentives – Tax exemptions, smart subsidies, cheap financing – Government finance schemes Institutional changes (new institutions) – Energy efficiency, renewable energy (agencies, funds) – Flood control, coastal zone management (regional, national) Legal changes – Standards, Building codes, lighting standards, blending targets – power purchase agreements, Feed-in-tariffs – costal zone regulations, river basin regulations

5. Unstable crop yields Increase and/or stability in crop yields High demand for water Decrease in water availability for competing purposes Limited acceptance of drought tolerant crops in community Fluctuating income opportunities Restricted access to and availability of seeds and other inputs Unstable market access Poor road infrastructure i.e. during/following excessive rains Low awareness within communities Information not available in communities Translating barriers into measures Logical Framework Approach Starter Problem Effect Results Result Effect Measure Root cause more causes to be identified in next slide Increase in water availability for competing purposes Drought tolerant crops acceptable in community Improved income opportunities Access to and availability of seeds and other inputs (fertilizer etc.) Stable market supply of seeds Improved seeds more expensive than traditional seeds Low volume of improved seeds on the market Improved seeds available at similar prices as tradit. seeds Appropriate economic incentives, e.g. subsidy Rural policies with priority to infrastructure Insecure food availability Less water demand Improved food security more measures to be identified later measures to be identified in next slide Measure

6. Limited acceptance of drought tolerant crops in community Low awareness within communities Information not available in communities Translating barriers into measures Logical Framework Approach Starter Problem (effect) Results Results/ Poor access to TV Low literacy level Poor extension service Low rate of electrification Few TV broadcasting masts Measures Better acceptance of drought tolerant crops in community Better awareness within communities Information available in communities Better access to TV Literacy training Support and training to extension service Create better conditions for tele-companies Measures Financial support to rural electrification

7. Financial incentives – Production incentives e.g. subsidy per produced kWh electricity – Green marketing e.g. a premium tariff on ‘green’ electricity – Feed-in-tariffs – Investment subsidies – Loan guarantees – Innovative finance mechanisms Examples of measures for diffusion of renewable energy

8. Non-financial measures Market liberalisation Improved infrastructure Improved access to the grid Obligations to generate or purchase ‘green’ electricity Voluntary agreements Competitive concessions Government assisted business development Involving local communities and civil society Discouraging alternatives – (e.g. tax on fossil fuels) Research, development and demonstration Testing and certification Information and education Examples of measures for diffusion of renewable energy

9. Broad set of measures Classify measures to IDENTIFY missing categories Decompose measures – Be detailed – Be specific – Provide a narrative description of the measure Make measures SMART Barrier/measure categories Economic and financial Legal and regulatory Market conditions Network structures Institutional and organisational capacity Human skills Social, cultural and behavioural Information and awareness Technical barriers Other measures Categorization of measures

10. Measures should be SMART Specific – target a specific area for improvement. Measurable – quantify or at least suggest an indicator of progress. Attainable – state what results can realistically be achieved, given available resources Relevant – choose a measure that matters Time-bound – specify when the result(s) can be achieved. SMART

11. Identifying measures to overcome barriers Summing up The process of identifying measures Examples of measures Problem to solution trees Examples of measures for RE Measures should be specific Measures should be SMART