2. Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry 9.3 Oxidation Numbers ( only first half, assigning ox numbers) 10.1 Galavanic or Voltaic Cells a)Anode/Cathode/Salt Bridge b)Cell Notations c)Determining Cell Potential/Cell Voltage/Electromotive force (emf)

3. Application V.Corrosion VI.Batteries VII.Fuel Cells VIII.Electrolytic Cells

4. Electrochemistry: Interconversion of electrical and chemical energy using redox reactions Redox (Oxidation-Reduction) Reaction: Type of electron transfer reaction. One substance gives up electrons; the other accepts electrons. OIL RIG Oxidation Half-Reaction; Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons Reduction Half-Reaction; Reduction Involves Gain of electrons  g  g   e     e    Net Redox Rxn; 2Mg + O 2 -> 2 Mg +2 + 2 O -2

6. Oxidation number The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred to the more electronegative atom. 1.Oxidation number equals ionic charge for monoatomic ions in ionic compound 2. Metal ions in Family A have one, positive oxidation number; Group IA metals are +1, IIA metals are +2 Li +, Li = +1; Mg +2, Mg = +2 4.4 CaBr 2 ; Ca = +2, Br = -1

7. Oxidation number,continued The charge the atom would have in a molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were completely transferred to the more electronegative atom. 3. The oxidation number of a transition metal ion is positive, but can vary in magnitude. 4.Nonmetals can have a variety of oxidation numbers,both positive and negative numbers which can vary in magnitude. 4.4 5. Free elements (uncombined state) have an oxidation number of zero. Each atom in O 2, F 2, H 2, Cl 2, K, Be has the same oxidation number; zero.

8. 7. The sum of the oxidation numbers of all the atoms in a molecule or ion is equal to the charge on the molecule or ion. IF; F= -1; I = +1 8. The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1 except when it is bonded to metals in binary compounds. In these cases, its oxidation number is –1 or when it’s in elemental form (H 2 ; oxidation # =0). HF; F= -1, H= +1 NaH; Na= +1, H = -1 6. The oxidation number of fluorine is always –1. (unless fluorine is in elemental form, F 2 )

9. H 2 O ; H=+1, O= -2 SO 3 ; O = -2; S = +6 9. The oxidation number of oxygen is usually –2. In H 2 O 2 and O 2 2- it is –1, in elemental form (O 2 or O 3 ) it is 0. HCO 3 - O = -2H = +1 3x(-2) + 1 + ? = -1 C = +4 Oxidation numbers of all the atoms in HCO 3 - ? 4.4

10. NaIO 3 Na = +1 O = -2 3x(-2) + 1 + ? = 0 I = +5 IF 7 F = -1 7x(-1) + ? = 0 I = +7 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 O = -2K = +1 7x(-2) + 2x(+1) + 2x(?) = 0 Cr = +6 Oxidation numbers of all the elements in the following ? 4.4

11. +1 -2 -6+5 +1 +2 -2 -14+12 +6+1 +6 -2 -4 -2 +1 H N O 3H N O 3 C2H6OC2H6O K 2 Cr 2 O 7 AgI +1 +2 -2 -8+5 H 2 PO 4 –

12. Application to Electrochemistry An electric cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy –Alessandro Volta invented the first electric cell but got his inspiration from Luigi Galvani. Galvani’s crucial observation was that two different metals could make the muscles of a frog’s legs twitch. Unfortunately, Galvani thought this was due to some mysterious “animal electricity”. It was Volta who recognized this experiment’s potential. –An electric cell produces very little electricity, so Volta came up with a better design: A battery is defined as two or more electric cells connected in series to produce a steady flow of current –Volta’s first battery consisted of several bowls of brine (NaCl (aq) ) connected by metals that dipped from one bowl to another –His revised design, consisted of a sandwich of two metals separated by paper soaked in salt water.

13. Alessandro Volta’s invention was an immediate technological success because it produced electric current more simply and reliably than methods that depended on static electricity. It also produced a steady electric current –something no other device could do.

14. Electric cells are composed of two electrodes – solid electrical conductors and at least one electrolyte (aqueous electrical conductor) In current cells, the electrolyte is often a moist paste (just enough water is added so that the ions can move). Sometimes one electrode is the cell container. The positive electrode is defined as the cathode and the negative electrode is defined as the anode –The electrons flow through the external circuit from the anode to the cathode.To test the voltage of a battery, the red(+) lead is connected to the cathode (+ electrode), and the black(-) lead is connected to the anode (- electrode)

15. A voltmeter is a device that measures the energy difference, per unit charge, between any two points in an electric circuit (called electric potential difference) –I.e. A 9V battery releases 6X as much energy compared with the electrons from a 1.5V battery. –The voltage of a cell depends mainly on the chemical composition of the reactants in the cell An ammeter is a device that measures the rate of flow of charge past a point in an electrical circuit (called electric current) –The larger the electric cell, the greater current that can be produced Electric potential difference is like the potential energy difference between 1kg of water at the top of the dam and 1kg of water at the bottom of the dam. Electric current (or flow of electrons) is like the flow of the water. A larger drain would be like a larger electric cell, allowing more water (or electrons) to flow.

16. Primary cells cannot be recharged, but are relatively inexpensive Secondary cells can be recharged using electricity, but are expensive Fuel cells produce electricity by the reaction of a fuel that is continuously supplied. More efficient, and used for NASA vehicles, but still too expensive for general or commercial applications Fuel cells produce electricity by the reaction of a fuel that is continuously supplied. More efficient, and used for NASA vehicles, but still too expensive for general or commercial applications

18. Gets Smaller -> <- Gets Larger

19. Voltaic Cell Animation Anode; Site of Oxidation Cathode; Site of Reduction AnOx or both vowels Red Cat or both consonants Direction of electron flow; anode to cathode (alphabetical) Salt Bridge; Maintains electrical neutrality + ion migrates to cathode - ion migrates to anode

20. Cell Notation 1.Anode 2.Salt Bridge 3.Cathode Anode | Salt Bridge | Cathode | : symbol is used whenever there is a different phase

21. 19.2 Cell Notation Zn (s) + Cu 2+ (aq) Cu (s) + Zn 2+ (aq) [Cu 2+ ] = 1 M & [Zn 2+ ] = 1 M Zn (s) | Zn 2+ (1 M) || Cu 2+ (1 M) | Cu (s) anode cathode Zn (s)| Zn +2 (aq, 1M)| K(NO 3 ) (saturated)|Cu +2 (aq, 1M)|Cu(s) anodecathode Salt bridge More detail..

22. K(NO 3 ) Zn (s) + 2 H + (aq) -> H 2 (g) + Zn +2 (aq) Zn(s)| Zn +2 |KNO 3 |H + (aq)|H 2 (g)|Pt

23. Electrochemical Cells  The difference in electrical potential between the anode and cathode is called: cell voltage electromotive force (emf) cell potential UNITS: VoltsVolt (V) = Joule (J) Coulomb, C

28. Standard Electrode Potentials  Standard reduction potential (E 0 ) is the voltage associated with a reduction reaction at an electrode when all solutes are 1 M and all gases are at 1 atm.    V Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)  e       atm  Reduction Reaction

30. Determining if Redox Reaction is Spontaneous + E° CELL ; spontaneous reaction - E° CELL ; nonspontaneous reaction More positive E° CELL ; stronger oxidizing agent or more likely to be reduced

31.  E 0 is for the reaction as written The half-cell reactions are reversible The sign of E 0 changes when the reaction is reversed Changing the stoichiometric coefficients of a half-cell reaction does not change the value of E 0 The more positive E 0 the greater the tendency for the substance to be reduced

32. Standard Potentials (cont.) If in constructing an electrochemical cell, you need to write the reaction as a oxidation instead of a reduction, the sign of the 1/2 cell potential changes. Zn +2 + 2e - ZnE° = -0.76 V Zn Zn +2 + 2e- E° = +0.76 V 1/2 cell potentials are intensive variables. As such, you do NOT multiply them by any coefficients when balancing reactions.

33. Writing Galvanic Cells (cont.) Shorthand Notation Zn|Zn +2 ||Cu +2 |Cu AnodeCathode Salt bridge

34. Predicting Galvanic Cells Given two 1/2 cell reactions, how can one construct a galvanic cell? Need to compare the reduction potentials of the two half cells. Turn the reaction for the weaker reduction (smaller E° 1/2 ) and turn it into an oxidation. This reaction will be the anode, the other the cathode.

35. Predicting Galvanic Cells (cont.) Example. Describe a galvanic cell based on the following: Ag + + e - AgE° 1/2 = 0.80 V Fe +3 + e - Fe +2 E° 1/2 = 0.77 V Weaker reducing agent – turn it around Ag + + Fe +2 Ag + Fe +3 E° cell = 0.03 V E° cell > 0….cell is galvanic

36. Another Example For the following reaction, identify the two half cells, and use these half cells to construct a galvanic cell 3Fe +2 (aq) Fe(s) + 2Fe +3 (aq) +2 0 +3 oxidation reduction Fe +2 (aq) + 2e- Fe(s) E° = -0.44 V Fe +3 (aq) + e- Fe +2 (aq)E° = +0.77 V

37. Another Example (cont.) Fe +2 (aq) + 2e- Fe(s) E° = -0.44 V Fe +3 (aq) + e- Fe +2 (aq)E° = +0.77 V weaker reduction – turn it around Fe(s)Fe +2 (aq) + 2e- E° = +0.44 V 2 x 2Fe +3 (aq) + Fe(s) 3Fe +2 (aq)E° cell = 1.21 V

38. Corrosion – Deterioration of Metals by Electrochemical Process

41. Cathodic Protection

42. Abbreviated Standard Reduction Potential Table

44. Batteries 19.6 Leclanché cell Dry cell Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e - Anode: Cathode: 2NH 4 + (aq) + 2MnO 2 (s) + 2e - Mn 2 O 3 (s) + 2NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) Zn (s) + 2NH 4 (aq) + 2MnO 2 (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) + Mn 2 O 3 (s)

45. Batteries Zn(Hg) + 2OH - (aq) ZnO (s) + H 2 O (l) + 2e - Anode: Cathode: HgO (s) + H 2 O (l) + 2e - Hg (l) + 2OH - (aq) Zn(Hg) + HgO (s) ZnO (s) + Hg (l) Mercury Battery 19.6

46. Batteries 19.6 Anode: Cathode: Lead storage battery PbO 2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) + 2e - PbSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O (l) Pb (s) + SO 4 2- (aq) PbSO 4 (s) + 2e - Pb (s) + PbO 2 (s) + 4H + (aq) + 2SO 4 2- (aq) 2PbSO 4 (s) + 2H 2 O (l)

47. Fuel Cell vs. Battery Battery; Energy storage device –Reactant chemicals already in device –Once Chemicals used up; discard (unless rechargeable) Fuel Cell; Energy conversion device –Won’t work unless reactants supplied –Reactants continuously supplied; products continuously removed

48. Fuel Cell A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that requires a continuous supply of reactants to keep functioning Anode: Cathode: O 2 (g) + 2H 2 O (l) + 4e - 4OH - (aq) 2H 2 (g) + 4OH - (aq) 4H 2 O (l) + 4e - 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2H 2 O (l)

49. Types of Electrochemical Cells Voltaic/Galvanic Cell; Energy released from spontaneous redox reaction can be transformed into electrical energy. Electrolytic Cell; Electrical energy is used to drive a nonspontaneous redox reaction.