1. Oil & Water

2. Black Gold  2/3 of the world’s known petroleum reserves found in the Persian Gulf  Oil provides raw materials and supplies more than half of the energy used worldwide  Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) formed in 1960

4. Oil in Saudi Arabia  Ghawar Oil Field is the largest oil field in the world  Produces more than ½ of Saudi Arabia’s oil  $376.3 billion in exports

6. The Suez Canal  Man-made choke point connecting the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea which leads to the Indian Ocean  Egypt controls the movement through the Suez Canal and charges tolls  ½ of the world’s oil is shipped through the Suez Canal

9. Water  Water in SWANA is DIFFICULT to obtain  Sahara Desert  Desertification/Arid Climate  Lacking sources of fresh water  Overconsumption of water is due to resorts, spas, lifestyle, and inefficient irrigation

10. Damming the Nile River What are some effects of damming the Nile River?

11. Egypt’s Aswan High Dam Pros  Irrigation  Hydroelectric Energy  Flood Control and Safety  Creation of Lake Nasser Cons  Decrease in agricultural productivity  Decrease of alluvial soil, rich soil made up of sand and mud deposited by running water  Population relocation  Movement of ancient Temple of Abu Simbel

12. Temple of Abu Simbel

13. Water Rights  The Nile River  Dams in Sudan, S. Sudan, and Ethiopia reduces the flow of the Nile to Egypt  Conflict over water rights  Israel and Syria  30% of water comes from the Sea of Galilee, which is partly fed by streams that once belonged to Syria

15. Water Rights  State of Palestine vs. Israel  Palestine needs the Gaza Strip for access to the Mediterranean Sea for trade  Palestine needs the West Bank for access to the Jordan River

17. Desalination  Desalination: the process of removing salt from seawater or from brackish water to make it usable for drinking and irrigation  Countries that desalinate the most: 1. Saudi Arabia ($376.3 billion in exports) 2. United Arab Emirates ($368.9 billion in exports) 3. Kuwait ($112 billion in exports)

18. Al Shuaibah Seawater Desalination Plant Saudi, Arabia

20. Desalination  As groundwater depletes, dependence on desalination increases  Cons:  EXPENSIVE: Requires enormous amounts of energy  Accounts for 25-30% of energy usage in Saudi Arabia  Requires water from aquifers  Accumulated brine  Brine is water saturated with salt  Contaminates aquifers or increases ocean salinity  May be difficult to implement  Unstable government in Yemen

21. Toubou/Tubu Tribe  North African tribe of nomadic women  Write 5 Facts  What two major difficulties do they face?

22. Reflection Question  Choose one of the following to answer at the bottom of your notes in 1 paragraph or less. 1. In your opinion, explain which resource is considered the most important resource in SWANA – oil or water? 2. Argue for or against the desalination of water in SWANA.