1. Introduction to Cestodes (tapeworms)
Characteristic of class cestodes:
① endoparasitic, and the adults in the intestine;
② dorso-ventrally flattened and bilaterally symmetrical and like a piece of tape, consists of a head with sucking organs and a long chain of segments;
③ without intestinal canal and body cavity;
④ hermaphroditic (雌雄同体)

2. Compare with Pseudophyllidea (假叶目) and Cyclophyllidea （圆叶目）
Pseudophyllidea Cyclophyllidea
Scolex slit-like sucking cup-shaped suckers
with or without hooks
Genital on the flat surface on the margin of the
pore of the segment segment
Uterus present absent
open
Vetelline scattered all over condensed into a
glands the segment single gland

3. I. Morphological characters

4. III. Life history
1.Adult live in intestine of vertebrate and larva parasite in tissue of vertebrate or non-vertebrate.
2.Cyclophyllidea requires two (or only one) host
cysticercus
egg→oncosphere→ cysticercoid →adult
hydatid cyst
alveolar hydatid
cyst

5. 3．Pseudophyllidea requires three host (one
final host and two intermediate host)
egg → coracidium → procercoid →
↑ ↑ ↑
into water into 1st into 2nd
intermediate intermediate
host host
→ plerocercoid → adult ↑
into final host

6. III. Classification Pseudophyllidea: Spirometra - S. mansoni
Diphyllobothrium - D. latum
Cyclophyllidea: Taenia T. solium
T. saginata
Echinococcus E. granulosus
E. multilocularis
Hymenolepis H. nana
H. diminuta

7. Taenia solium（链状带绦虫）
猪肉绦虫，猪带绦虫、有钩绦虫
寸白虫

8. I. Morphology
Adult : 2-4 m length,
segments

9. Egg Cysticercus

10. II. Life History Adult Taeniasis (in small intestine)
ingested by man Man
Cysticercus Eggs, gravid segment
(in muscle) (in faeces)
by circulation Pig ingested by pig
Onchosphere
(penetrates intestinal wall)

11. Onchosphere

12. Cysticercus in pig muscle

13. (in muscle ) gravid segment (in faeces) by circulation
Cysticercosis Adult
(in small intestine)
Man
Cysticercus Eggs,
(in muscle ) gravid segment
(in faeces)
by circulation
Man ingested by man
Onchosphere
(hatches in intestine
penetrates intestinal wall)

14. Notes:
1. Man is the final host and also can become the intermediate host;
2. Pig is the main intermediate host;
3. Infective stage: egg and cystercercus

15. III. Pathogenicity Taeniasis Cysticercosis
intestinal descomfort: vomiting, diarrhoea or constipation, loss of appetite, appendicitis and intestinal obstruction
Cysticercosis
The methods of infecting eggs:
 auto-infect oneself in body;
 auto-infect oneself outside body;
 infect from other person

16. Cysticercosis in brain
Cystcercosis in eye
Cysticercosis in subcutaneous tissues and muscles

17. IV. Diagnosis Taeniasis Cystisercosis stool examination anal swab
gravid segment examination
Cystisercosis
biopsy
funduscopy（眼底镜检查）
X-ray, B ultrasonic, CT
Serological tests

18. V. Epidemiology Geographical distribution Epidemic factor
all parts of the world where pork of pork products are eaten
Epidemic factor
the method for feed the pig is not good
bad eating and cooking habit

19. VI. Prvention and Treatment
Treat the patient
Binlang（槟榔）, pumpkin seed（南瓜子）praziquantel（吡喹酮）, noclosamide（灭绦灵）
Health conduct and education
Strengthen management of lavatory, improve feeding pig method
Strengthen pork test

20. Taenia saginata (肥胖带绦虫）
牛带绦虫 牛肉绦虫，无钩绦虫，寸白虫

21. Fig 1 Morphology differences between T. solium and T. saginata

22. Fig 1 Morphology differences between T. solium and T. saginata

23. Fig 2. Life cycle compare between T. solium and T. saginata
T. solium T. saginata
Infective stage egg and cysticercus cysticercus
Intermediate host pig cattle
Pathogen stage adult and cysticercus adult

24. Diagnosis, epidemic and treatment are same as T. solium