1. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Fourteen months postoperative radiograph of a 73-year-old man after total femur replacement [2] Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 A 2D design domain and the level set model Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Example of complex geometry: snowflake pattern Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Flowchart of contour function construction Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Design domain of the femur model Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Optimization stages of the femur with volume ratio 20%: (a) Initial design, (b) step 2, (c) step 6, (d) step 12, (e) step 16, and (f) step 20 (final result) Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Convergent histories of the femur optimization Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Optimized femur results of different volume ratios: (a) 0.15, (b) 0.2, and (c) 0.25 Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 6/23/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Topology Optimization of Total Femur Structure: Application of Parameterized Level Set Method Under Geometric Constraints J. Mech. Des. 2015;138(1):011402-011402-8. doi:10.1115/1.4031803 Point-domain position relationship for two arbitrary points: (a) Both are inside the domain, (b) one is inside and the other is outside the domain, and (c) both are outside the domain Figure Legend: