2. 1 a. How does the image demonstrate the Romantic characteristic of celebration of the individual.

3. 2. a. How does the image confirm the assertion by Thoreau that "if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in the common hours"?

4. a. How does the photograph demonstrate the claim by Emerson that "the sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child"?

5. b. How does the image challenge the Romantic characteristic of celebration of the individual.

6. b. How does the image challenge the assertion by Thoreau that "if one advances confidently in the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in the common hours"?

7. b. How does the photograph challenge the claim by Emerson that "the sun illuminates only the eye of the man, but shines into the eye and the heart of the child"?

8. Realism

13. Historic Changes in Literature ► Characters rarely portrayed before proliferate: industrial workers, the rural poor, ambitious business leaders, vagrants, prostitutes, unheroic soldiers. ► Writers from underrepresented groups proliferate with an expaning magazine and newspaper market: women of all social classes, African Americans, immigrants.

14. Realism Defined ► Realism is the “ attempt to write a literature that recorded life as it was lived rather than life as it ought to be lived or had been lived in times past ” (Gottesman and Krupat 7). ► “ Realism seeks to create the illusion of everyday life being lived by ordinary people in familiar surroundings ” (Gottesman and Krupat 7).

15. Realism Defined ► Attention to truthful treatment of surface features. ► If surface features seem overly emphasized, they are emphasized, when done well, in order to reveal psychological and moral realities.

16. Writers Like Scientific Observers ► Quote from Emile Zola, a french realist:  “We must operate with characters, passions, human and social data as the chemist and physicist work on inert bodies, as the physiologist works on living bodies. [...] It is scientific investigation [and] experimental reasoning that combats one by one the hypotheses of the idealists and will replace novels of pure imagination by novels of observation” (9).

17. Realism: an Essentially Pessimistic View ► Historic Developments of the time suggested that we are trapped by powers larger than ourselves: heredity, economic forces, environment, chance, psychology, biology, political corruption, gender roles. ► Writers of the time represent this in their work.

18. Naturalism and Regionalism ► “ Naturalism is commonly understood as an extension or intensification of Realism ” (Gottesman and Krupat 12). ► Regionalism is also a part of Realism. It is literature that portrays the uniqueness of specific places. It is in part a reaction against industrialization and in part an attempt to “ come to terms with harsh realities that seemed to replace ” idealizations of places (Gottesman and Krupat 12).  Use of colloquialism, vernacular, and jargon.

19. Politics and Realism ► Many artists (authors) wanted to change the horrible realities of slavery, poverty in the South during Reconstruction, and poverty in major urban areas. ► Major political movements of the time included Abolitionism, Socialism, and Anarchism. ► So what does Realism have to do with this?

20. Politics and Realism ► Authors and other artists believed that, if the reality was bad enough, realistically portraying the reality you wanted to change would convince people to demand a change.