1. Earth2Class Workshops for Teachers Taro Takahashi Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University November 21, 2009 State of Carbon Cycle in 2009 in the Eve of the Copenhagen International Climate Conference: Challenge to the Humanity

2. Air CO2 at Mauna Loa and South Pole, 1957-2000

3. Global Carbon Cycle

4. Fossil Fuel Emissions: Actual vs. IPCC Scenarios Raupach et al. 2007, PNAS, updated; Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; International Monetary Fund 2009 Projection 2009 Emissions: -2.8% GDP: -1.1% C intensity: -1.7% Global Fossil Fuel Emissions 1 % per year 3.4% per year

5. Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; CDIAC 2009 Annual Emission Rate of Carbon to the Atmosphere

6. Fossil Fuel Emissions: Top Emitters (>4% of Total) 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 19909501 05 2007 079903 Time Carbon (tons x 1000) Japan Russian Fed. India Global Carbon Project 2009; Data: Gregg Marland, CDIAC 2009 Top Emitters (Countries) of Fossil Fuel Emissions USA China

7. Components of FF Emissions Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience Components of Fossil Fuel Emissions

8. Per Capita CO 2 Emissions Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; CDIAC 2009 Per Capita Emissions (tC person -1 y -1 ) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 1.3 1.2 1.1 Develop countries continue to lead with the highest emission per capita Per Capita CO2 Emissions (World Mean)

9. Total Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions Fossil fuel Land use change 10 8 6 4 2 1960 20101970 1990 2000 1980 CO 2 emissions (PgC y -1 ) 8.7 1.2 9.9 PgC 12% of total anthropogenic emissions Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; Data: CDIAC, FAO, Woods Hole Research Center 2009 Total Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions

10. Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience Modeled Carbon Sink Rates for Land Biosphere and Oceans

11. Total CO 2 emissions (Estimated) Atmosphere (Measured) Data: NOAA, CDIAC; Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience CO 2 Partitioning (PgC y -1 ) 1960 20101970 1990 2000 1980 10 8 6 4 2 Carbon Accumulation Rates in the Atmosphere Evolution of the fraction of total emissions that remain in the atmosphere Accumulation rates of CO2 in air

12. CO 2 EMISSIONS, SEA AND LAND UPTAKE All units are in Pg-C per year (1 Peta-gram = 10 15 grams = 1 Giga tons) Balance in recent years: Industrial emissions ~ 8.5 Pg-C/yr Land use change ~ 1.5 Pg-C/yr TOTAL EMISSIONS ~ 10.0 Pg-C/yr Atmospheric growth 4.5 Pg-C/yr Land biota uptake ~ 4 Pg-C/yr Ocean uptake ~ 2 Pg-C/yr RESERVOIRS ~10.5 Pg-C/yr RESIDUALS = (TOTAL EMISSIONS) -(ATM.) – (LAND) – (OCEAN) = ~ 0 on the average, but vary from +3 to –3 Pg-C/yr from year to year. Le Quere et al. (2009) Nature GS. 1970 1980 1990 2000

13. Airborne Fraction 1960 20101970 1990 2000 1980 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Fraction of total CO 2 emissions that remains in the atmosphere Trend : 0.27±0.2 % y -1 (p=0.9) 40% 45% Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience; Canadell et al. 2007, PNAS; Raupach et al. 2008, Biogeosciences Airborne Fraction of Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions (Amount of Carbon Increase each year)/(Annual Total Anthropogenic Emission) Are the natural carbon sinks weakening?

14. Sea-Air CO 2 Exchange and CO 2 partial pressure CO 2 in seawater = {[CO 2 ]aq + [H 2 CO 3 ]}+[HCO 3 - ] +[CO 3 = ] 0.5 – 1 % 97% 2.5% Sea exchanges CO 2 molecules with air only through [CO 2 ]aq. Since [CO 2 ]aq cannot be distinguished from [H 2 CO 3 ], they are commonly considered together. Partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) in seawater is a measure of the exchangeable CO 2 molecules, and may be considered as “vapor” pressure of CO 2. When pCO 2 in seawater is greater than that in the overlying air, CO 2 escapes from seawater to air. When pCO 2 in seawater is smaller than that in the overlying air, CO 2 in air is absorbed by seawater. pCO 2 in seawater is sensitively affected by temperature, photosynthesis and calcification.

15. BERMUDA TIME SERIES (N. R. BATES, JGR, 2007) 1984-2004 MEAN RATE = 1.80±0.013  atm/yr for ocean, 1.80  atm/yr for air

16. 1989-2007 HAWAII TIME SERIES (HOT), Dore et al. PNAS, 2009 Air pCO 2 change rate = 1.68 ± 0.03  atm/yr Ocean pCO 2 change rate = 1.88 ± 0.16  atm/yr Ocean pH change rate = -0.0019 ± 0.0002 /yr

17. DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE WATER PCO 2, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY IN THE U.S. WEST COAST, JUNE-AUGUST, 2002; AND 1997-2005 TIME SERIES OF SURFACE WATER PCO2 IN THE MONTREY BAY (F. CHAVEZ, MBARI)

18. Ocean outgas uptake 1981-2007 Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience Observed Rate of Change in the Sea-Air pCO2 Difference  atm per year Zero = Ocean pCO2 increase rate is same as the atmospheric pCO2 Red = Ocean pCO2 increase rate is faster than the atmospheric pCO2 Blue = Ocean pCO2 increase rate is slower than the atmospheric pCO2

19. CHANGE IN WINTER TIME SURFACE WATER pCO 2 IN THE ICE-FREE ZONE (POOZ) OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 1.50°C < SST < 2.50°C; Day of year, 172 to 326 (late June – mid-Nov) Year pCO2 @ SST (uatm)

20. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1)The anthropogenic emissions of CO 2 are rapidly increasing at the fastest rate anticipated by IPCC (3.4% per year) as a result of increases in “per capita carbon production rates” and human population. 2008 is an exception due to the economic recession. 2)While the carbon emissions from the Developed Countries increased only modestly, those from Developing Countries (China and India) increased very rapidly. The Developing Countries exported manufactured goods as they increased “Carbon emissions”. 3)The carbon cycle in the modern world is broadly understood in the decadal scale, but not in the annual scale satisfactorily. 4)The ocean CO 2 sinks may be weakening for the past decades, while the land biota sink appears to be holding steady. 5)Unless the CO 2 emissions are reduced substantially, the atmospheric CO 2 concentrations would double the pre-industrial level by 2030. The presumed “tipping point” for the global warming of 4°F may be exceeded then.

21. CLIMATOLOGICAL MEAN SEA-AIR pCO 2 DIFFERENCES FEBRUARY, 2000 AUGUST, 2000

22. Mean Annual Rate of Net Sea-Air CO2 Flux Takahashi et al. (Deep Sea Res., 2009)

23. ATMOSPHERIC CO2 – MARINE PHOTOSYNTHESIS - CALCIFIERS CaCO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O = Ca ++ + 2 HCO 3 - SHELLS AIR/SEA OCEAN DISSOLVED FORAMINIFERA COCCOLITHS CORALS Increase in atmospheric CO 2 causes dissolution of CaCO 3. (The reaction goes to right) Increase in the photosynthetic utilization of CO 2 encourages The growth of CaCO 3. (The reaction goes to left.) Precipitation of CaCO 3 causes seawater to lose CO 2 to air. (The reaction goes to left.)

24. pCO2 and Coral Growth Rate

25. Volume of Liquid CO2 Emissions and Sequestration Capacity Global CO2 Emissions~ 6 Gigatons-C/yr (1 Gigaton = 1 billion tons = 10 15 grams) Volume as liquid CO2 ~ 30 ft x 50 miles x 50 miles U. S. Emissions~1.3 Gigatons-C/yr Volume as liquid CO2 ~ 30 ft x 10 miles x 10 miles (3600 x Giant Stadium) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Depleted gas reservoirs0.5 – 170 Gigaton-C “Depleted” oil reservoirs3 – 80 Gigatons-C Land aquifers50 – 14,000 Gigatons-C Juan de Fuca Ridge250 Gigaton-C Deep ocean rocksVery large ?

26. CDIAC 2009; Global Carbon Project 2009 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 China US India World CO 2 emissions (TgC y -1 ) 90% of growth 2006-2008 Growth Rate of Emissions from Coal Burning, 2006 to 2008

27. Net CO 2 Emissions from LUC in Tropical Countries 2000-2005 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Brazil Indonesia CO 2 emissions (TgC y -1 ) RA Houghton 2009, unpublished; Based on FAO land use change statistics 60% Venezuela Rep.Dem.Congo Nigeria 4-2% Cameroon Peru Philippines 2-1% Colombia Nicaragua Nepal India <1% Net C Emissions from Land Utility Changes in Tropical Countries

28. atmospheric CO 2 ocean land fossil fuel emissions deforestation 7.7 1.4 4.1 3.0 (5 models) 2000-2008 PgC CO 2 flux (PgC y -1 ) Sink Source Time (y) 0.3 Residual 2.3 (4 models) Global Carbon Project 2009; Le Quéré et al. 2009, Nature-geoscience Summary of Carbon Budget, 2000-2008 Exo-tropics Tropics