1. Tangential Wind vs Radial Wind Local Changes All variables shown are taken from 5-min data, averaged over a 1 h period Vtan = tangential wind component, calculated in cylindrical coords, re-mapped to Cartesian grid u = radial wind, calculated as for Vtan Time derivatives calculated by differencing 5-min data, then 1 h running mean applied as for other variables

2. Local Wind Change at z=14 km (shaded, m/s/h); radial flows at z=14 km (m/s), inflows, gray contours (-20,-15,-10,-5), outflows, white contours (5,10,15,20); in-plane storm-relative flow vectors at z=14 km; vertical velocity at z=14 km (thin black contours: 3,5,10 m/s); z=11 km RMW (black circle). Forecast times given in plot titles.