1. Measurement and Instrumentation

2. Generation and Analysis of Waveform
Oscillators
Pulse and Square Waves Generators
Signal Generators
Function Generators
Wave Analysis and Spectrum Analyzer
Distortion

3. Waveform - Pulse and Sawtooth

4. Waveform - Sine and Square -

5. Waveform - Triangle -

6. Waveform - Basic parameters -

7. Oscillators The output only sinusoidal waveshape of a specific
frequency and amplitude

8. Oscillators - Fixed Frequency AF Osc -
The frequency range is either 1 KHz or 400 Hz.
The purpose is in audio frequency test.
1/(2*pi*R*C)

9. Oscillators - Variable Frequency AF Osc -
The frequency range is 20 Hz to 20 kHz.
The purpose is in laboratory test.
1/f = 0.69 * C * ( R1 + 2*R2).

10. Pulse and Square wave Generators
The frequency range is from 1 Hz to 10 Mhz
The duty cycle can varied from 25 – 75%
Independent output: 50 and 600 Ω
50 Ω - 5 ns in rise and fall time at 5 Vp
600 Ω - 7 ns at 30 V

11. Signal Generators It uses for the measurement of gain, signal to
noise ratio (SN), bandwith standing wave ratio.
The output signal can be AM or FM

12. Function Generators
It produces difference waveform of adjustable frequency
The frequency range is from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz
Upper and low constant current source supplies current

13. Wave Analyzer It consist of very narrow band filter to tune
frequency range 20 Hz to 20 KHz
and uses for electrical, sound and vibration
measurement

14. Spectrum Analyzer

15. Spectrum Analyzer - Filter Bank -

16. Spectrum Analyzer - Super hetero dyne -

17. Distortion Linear distortions Non-linear distortion
Amplitude distortion
Phase or delay distortion
Harmonic distortion
Inter modulation distortion

18. Distortion - Amplitude -
It happen when the amplification or attenuation of the signal is not constant over the useful range of frequencies

19. Distortion - Phase or Delay -
The phase from input signal and output signal are difference, then phase distortion will occur on the signal.
It happen due to the presence of energy storage element in the transmitting circuit.
If different amount of phase shift, become necessary to compensate.
Otherwise, can be ignored.

20. Distortion - Harmonic -
Due to non-linear of an electronic circuit at frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, …………. (where, f is fundamental frequency of signal).

21. Distortion - Inter modulation -
It occurs when two signal of different frequencies are mixed (sum or difference) together.