2. Management Information Systems (MIS) MIS refers to the process of converting the application of people, technologies, and procedures to solve business problems It provides tools for organising, evaluating and efficiently running their departments End User Computing (EUC) It is a group of approaches to computing that aims at better integrating end users into computing environment. It attempts to realise the potential for high-end computing to perform in a dependable manner in problem solving of highest order The goal of EUC is to allow unskilled staff to use expensive &highly skilled knowledge in their jobs.

3. Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) MRP is a software based production planning & inventory control system used to manage manufacturing process. The main objectives of MRP are: Ensure the availability of materials & products for production and delivery to customers. To maintain lowest possible level of inventory. To plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities. Ex: If a company purchases inadequate quantities of an item used in manufacturing, or buys the wrong item they may be unable to meet their schedules

4. Just in Time (JIT) When the components arrive as and when required in a manufacturing operation, it is called Just In Time (JIT).JIT originated in Japan.Intially known as “Toyota Production System” It is a new system of production based on the elimination of waste. Those waste include over production, time spent on waiting, transportation/movement. Benefits Better quality products Reduce scrap or waste Smoother flow of production High productivity Cost saving

5. Total Quality Management (TQM) International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) defines TQM as ‘A management approach for an organisation, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the Organisation and to society. In Japan, TQM comprises the following 4 process steps: Kaizen – Focuses on continuous process improvement. Atarimae Hinshitsu – make things work as they are meant for (i.e., a pen is meant for writing). Kansei – Examine the way the user applies the product leads to improvement in the product itself. Miryokuteki Hinshistu – Things should have an aesthetic quality

6. Six Sigma Six Sigma is a set of practices developed by Motorola to systematically improve process by eliminating defects. A defect is defined as non-conformity of a product or service to its specification. Six Sigma focuses on: Continuous efforts to reduce variation in process O/P Manufacturing & Business process can be measured, analysed, improved & controlled Quality improvement through out the orgnaisation Six Sigma means a measure of quality that strives for near perfection. Six Sigma quality produce at defect levels below 3.4 defects per one million opportunities (DPMO). Six Sigma sub-methodologies DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve & Control) DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyse, Design & Verify)

7. CMM is a collection of instructions an organisation follow with the purpose to gain better control over its software development process Levels of CMM Level 1 – Initial Level 2 - Repeatable Level 3 – Defined Level 4 – Managed Level 5 – Optimising Capability Maturity Model (CMM)

8. Value Chain Analysis as described by Michael Porter, is a chain of activities through which a product or service passes in order to gain value in every activity.The chain of activities gives the products more added value than the sum added values of all activities. The Value Chain Analysis categorises the generic value-adding activities of an Organisation into: Primary Activities (production, logistics, marketing) Support Activities ( HR, R&D, Admin etc) Value Chain Analysis

9. SCM is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain as efficiently as possible. Activities of SCM: SCM is a cross – functional approach It focus on its core competencies More control To improve trust and collaboration among supply partners Supply Chain Management (SCM)

10. ERPs integrate all data and process of an orgnaisation into a unified system. ERP systems cover all basic functions of an organisation, regardless of the organisation business whether it is business, non-profit organisation, non-govt organisation or Govt organisation ERP includes Manufacturing SCM Financials Projects HRM CRM Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

11. Performance Management (PM) is a strategic and integrated approach to delivering sustained success to organisation by improving the performance of the people who work in them and by developing their capabilities as teams & individuals PM follow some ethics Respect for individuals Mutual respect Transparency PM can be thought of as a cycle Performance Planning Performance Coaching Performance Appraisal Performance Management

12. When some or all non-core processes are subcontracted, it is called BPO The main aim of BPO is to allow the company to invest more time, money and HRs into core activities and building strategies, which fuel company growth Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Business Process Reengineering (BPR) BPR is a management approach aiming at improvements by means of elevating efficiency & effectiveness of the process that exist within and across organisation.

13. BM is the process of comparing an organisation’s operation & internal processes against those of other organisations within or outside its industry. Bench Marking Balance Score Card (BSC) BSC is defined as a strategic feedback system that enables program managers to make better decisions faster, smarter, and easier than ever before.BSC developed in 1990’s by Robert Kaplan & David Norton.