1. Wednesday, April 20 Kahoot #3

2. Let’s be real… MONTUEWEDTHUFRI 18 B 1920 B Kahoot Theories Paper 2 Applications Jeopardy 2122 B Paper 1 Practice Kahoot 2526 B Paper 2 Practice Review by Concept 2728 B Review Paper 1 And Paper 2 Ethnography and Theme Review 29

3. Objectives  Kahoot Review  Anthropologists and Theories  Paper 2 Applications

4. People  Think of your top 5 “go-to” anthropologists  Theories??  Concepts they would be helpful with?? NAME THEORIES CONCEPTS

5. Anthropology & Theory  As anthropologists began to accumulate data on different cultures during the mid-nineteenth century, they needed to be able to explain the cultural differences and similarities they found  The desire to account for the vast cultural variation that had been observed gave rise to anthropological theory.

6. Theories  Structuralism  Functionalism  Structural-Functionalism  Cultural Relativism  Others…

7. http://study.com/academy/lesson/structuralism-and-the-works-of-levi-strauss.html

8. Claude Levi-Strauss  1908-2009, French  French Cultural Mission to Brazil  Returned to France, fought in WWII, Maginot Line  FW: Brazil, Amazon  Focused on Kinship, and also myth and linguistics  Father of Modern Anthropology  Theories:  Father of Structuralism:  Culture is a system with underlying structures that are common to all societies regardless of their differences  Universal patterns in cultural systems (like behavior and thought) are products of structure of human mind and are universal to all societies  Rejected the concept of primitive and modern mind, arguing that all men have the same intellectual potential  Binary Opposition

9. STRUCTURALISM The elements of a culture must be seen in their relationship to one another as they form a structure that conveys cultural meanings. Structuralists analyzed cognitive systems, kinship structure, art, mythology, ritual, and ceremony, among other things.

11. STRUCTURALISM Human cultures are shaped by certain preprogrammed codes of the human mind.Human cultures are shaped by certain preprogrammed codes of the human mind. Rather than examining attitudes, values, and beliefs, structural anthropologists concentrate on what happens at the unconscious level.Rather than examining attitudes, values, and beliefs, structural anthropologists concentrate on what happens at the unconscious level.

12. STRUCTURALISM It is assumed that the human mind categorizes phenomena in terms of binary oppositions.It is assumed that the human mind categorizes phenomena in terms of binary oppositions.

13. http://study.com/academy/lesson/understanding-functionalism- in-anthropology-the-works-of-emile-durkheim.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/understanding-functionalism- in-anthropology-the-works-of-emile-durkheim.html (start at :42)

14. Functionalism  Theory of social stratification holding that social stratification exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society  No matter how bizarre a cultural tem might at first appear, it had a meaning and performed some useful function the well-being of the individual or the society; the job of the researcher is to become sufficiently immersed in the culture and language to be able to identify these functions

15.  Britain: Reaction to 19 th c. evolution  Shift from Social change  Evolution  To  Social stability  How societies stayed the same 15

16.  World->Colonies  Problem: Ruling native people?  Required:  Practical knowledge of social & political structures 16

17. Bronislaw Malinowski  1884-1942 – lots of health problems in his life  Co-founded Social Anthropology with Radcliffe-Brown  Polish, British school of Anthropology (American Boasians really liked him too)  FW: Pacific Islands, Oceania, Trobriand Islanders  Father of Fieldwork: revolutionized it’s importance and made popular  Record not just big ideas like kinship, but every day life and all actions, even the mundane, look at individuals  “Primitive” societies just as capable as “advanced” ones at cognitive thought  Ex: Fishing in the waves  Theories  Founder of Functionalism  all pats work together as an integrated whole  focuses on actions and needs of individuals rather than whole society  explained social change  Doctrine of needs  Father of Fieldwork https://study.com/academy/lesson/understanding-functionalism- in-anthropology-the-works-of-emile-durkheim.html

18. Functionalism Malinowski saw cultural institutions functioning in response to basic human biological needs, as well as to what he called culturally derived needs.

19.  Society: Functions to meet needs of individuals  All people have these needs  3 Levels of Needs: 1. Biological 2. Instrumental 3. Integrative 19

20. 1. Biological needs:  Nutrition  Reproduction  Bodily comforts  Safety  Relaxation  Movement

21. 2. Instrumental needs:  Law  Education

22. 3. Integrative needs:  Religion  Art

23. Functionalism Through direct fieldwork, anthropologists seek to understand how the parts of contemporary cultures contribute to the well-being of the individual.Through direct fieldwork, anthropologists seek to understand how the parts of contemporary cultures contribute to the well-being of the individual.

24. FunctionalismFunctionalism focused on understanding culture from the viewpoint of the native. It stated that empirical fieldwork is absolutely essential.

25. Malinowski  Consider observable differences between norms and action:  Between what people say they do and what they actually do

26. Funtionalism-Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

27. A.R. Radcliffe-Brown  Because of the emphasis on social functions rather than individual functions, Radcliffe-Brown’s theory has taken the name STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM

28. http://study.com/academy/lesson/structural-functionalism-and- the-works-of-talcott-parsons.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/structural-functionalism-and- the-works-of-talcott-parsons.html (start at :37)

29. A.R.Radcliffe-Brown  1881-1955, British School of Anthropology  Co-founded Social Anthropology with Malinowski  Competed with Malinowski  FW: Andaman Islands (Indian Ocean) and Australian Aborigines  Didn’t embrace fieldwork like Malinowski did  Focused on big picture ideas and theory, not small realistic details  Theories  Father of Structural-Functionalism  Views society as an entity composed of functionally interdependent institutions  Example: different parts of the body work together to sustain a living body  Individual isn’t as important as the whole  Focuses on WHY things are connected, looks at relationships https://study.com/academy/lesson/structural-functionalism-and- the-works-of-talcott-parsons.html

30. What’s the major difference between:

32. Franz Boas  1858-1942  German  Ethnographic work in N. America: Eskimo, Native Americans  First professor of Anthropology at Columbia  Considered Father of American Anthropology  Great researcher and teacher in all 4 areas of Anthro  THEORIES:  Cultural Relativism  Debunked ideas of racial distinctions and superiorities  Different races show equal ability to achieve cultural development  Four fields of anthropology

33. CULTURAL RELATIVISM/ PARTICULARISM considering all cultures and languages equally distinctive and complex in different waysconsidering all cultures and languages equally distinctive and complex in different ways

34. CULTURAL RELATIVISM/ PARTICULARISM His work stressed the gathering of texts in the native language concerning all the aspects of the life of the people, especially art, mythology, and language.

35. CULTURAL RELATIVISM/ PARTICULARISM Boas felt that anthropologists should first concentrate on learning about the history of the development of particular societies.

36. Postmodernism  Human behavior stems from the way people perceive and classify the world around them  Interpretive Anthropology: the critical aspects of cultural systems are subjective factors such as values, ideas and worldviews *Clifford Geertz

37. Postmodernism  Calls on anthropologists to switch from cultural generalization and laws to description, interpretation and the search for meaning  Ethnographies should be written from several voices-that of the anthropologist along with those of the people under analysis  Involves a return to cultural relativism

38. SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Culture is seen as a system of symbols, and the task of the anthropologist is to decipher its meanings. The task of the anthropologist then became one of translating the layers of meaning of a particular cultural phenomenon into our concepts and our language.

39. SYMBOLIC ANTHROPOLOGY Clifford Geertz (1972), in his attempt to understand the meaning of the Balinese cockfight, called this type of translation a “thick description.”

40. FEMINIST ANTHROPOLOGY All aspects of culture have a gender dimension that must be considered in any balanced ethnographic description.All aspects of culture have a gender dimension that must be considered in any balanced ethnographic description. It represents a corrective to male bias in traditional ethnographies.It represents a corrective to male bias in traditional ethnographies. Are more subjective and collaborative in their research, rather than objective and scientific.Are more subjective and collaborative in their research, rather than objective and scientific.

41. Other Resources  “A Guide Prepared By Students For Students”  http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php ?culture=Structuralism http://anthropology.ua.edu/cultures/cultures.php ?culture=Structuralism

42. Quick Review  functionalism A theory holding that social stratification exists because it contributes to the overall well-being of a society.  French structuralism A theoretical orientation that holds that cultures are the product of unconscious processes of the human mind.  structural functionalism A school of cultural anthropology, associated most closely with Radcliffe-Brown, that examines how parts of a culture function for the well-being of the society.

43. Review: 3 Main Theories Functionalism  Society functions to meet needs of individual  Malinowski Structural-Functionalism  Society functions to meet needs of society first  Radcliffe-Brown Structuralism  Humans act as we do because of the actual structure of the human brain, same structures  Levi-Strauss

44. Paper 2  What theory could apply here: