1. Environment, Development and Management Tim Swanson

2. Elephants Table 1Estimates of African Elephant Population Declines 1980s (Selected Countries) 1979 1989 Cameroon 16,200 22,000 CAR 63,000 23,000 Zaire377,000112,000 Central497,400277,000 Kenya 65,000 16,000 Sudan134,000 22,000 Tanzania316,300 61,000 Eastern 546,850110,000 Botswana 20,000 68,000 Mozambique 54,800 17,000 South Africa 7,800 7,800 Zambia150,000 32,000 Zimbabwe 30,000 52,000 Southern282,200 204,000 Burkina Faso 1,700 4,500 Ghana 3,500 2,800 Western 17,090 19,000 Totals (all Africa) 1,343,345609,000

3. A Bio-Economic Model

4. Bio-economic equilibrium

5. An Alternative View of Elephants

6. Open Access, Again

7. Managing Elephants

8. Managing Elephants (contd)

9. Managing Elephants Table 2 Park Management Spending by Selected African States (Spending levels in $/sq. km.) Botswana1984 10 Cameroon1986 5 CAR1986 5 Ethiopia1984 57 Ghana1984237 Kenya1984 188 Malawi1986 49 Mozambique1986 7 Niger1984 5 Somalia1984 50 South Africa19844350 Sudan1986 12 Tanzania1986 18 Uganda1984357 Zaire1986 2 Zambia1984 11 Zimbabwe1986194

10. How do Environment and Development Relate? (empirically)

11. Environment and Development

12. Environment and Development

14. Stokey on Environment and Development - when do societies introduce management? AK Technology:

15. Stokey on Management Optimal Path to S-S:

16. Stokey’s Management Path

17. Stokey with Pollution Stocks

18. Stokey with Stocks